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A&P II Lecture > exam 3 reproductive > Flashcards

exam 3 reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of reproduction?

A

asexual & sexual

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2
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

1 cell divides producing 2 identical offspring/daughter cells; they are identical to each other & the “parent” cell

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3
Q

What is mitosis?

A

the process in which asexual reproduction occurs; in multicellular organisms, this results in any growth/repair in the body

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4
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

2 cells (sperm + oocyte/egg) combine which involves a process called meiosis

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5
Q

What is chromatin?

A

the threadlike form in which DNA is typically found inside of cells; it is wrapped around specific proteins called histone proteins

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6
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

they are formed prior to cell division when the chromatin condenses, expands, & replicates

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7
Q

What are chromatids?

A

the left & right sides of the X-shaped chromosomes; they are identical

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8
Q

What is a centromere?

A

a sticky part in the center of the chromosome that holds the 2 chromatids together

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9
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

this term refers to chromosomes being present in pairs; in humans, there are 23 pairs (46 total)

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10
Q

How does mitosis occur?

A

the centromere dissolves & the chromatids are separated so that each daughter cell gets 1 copy of DNA

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11
Q

How does meiosis occur?

A

it occurs through 2 stages called meiosis I & meiosis II; only for cells that develop into sperm or egg

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12
Q

What happens in meiosis I?

A

it separates chromosome pairs to result in 2 haploid cells that have 1/2 the original number of chromosomes

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13
Q

What happens in meiosis II?

A

chromatids separate as the centromeres dissolve; the resulting cells (which develop into sperm & egg) have 1/2 the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

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14
Q

What is the advantage of meiosis?

A

the offspring that is formed from the fusion of sperm & egg is diploid which provides genetic variety & keeps chromosomal number constant for each generation

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15
Q

What are the male reproductive structures?

A

testes, epididymis, vas deferens, glands, & penis

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16
Q

What are the testes?

A

a pair of 2 inch long oval organs where spermatogenesis occurs (controlled hormonally)

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17
Q

Where do the testes develop in a male fetus?

A

the abdominopelvic cavity; beginning at week 12 of development, they descend as a retractable strand of tissue called gubernaculum shortens, pulling them through the inferior body wall

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18
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

a body wall opening located on each side of the midline that the testes pass through; it has blood vessels & nerves that pass from torso to legs

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19
Q

Why must the testes descend?

A

it is critical for sperm to develop at temperatures lower than internal body temperature

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20
Q

What are the layers of the testes from deep to superficial?

A

tunica albugenia, germinal epithelium, dartos muscle, & scrotum

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21
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

sack of loose skin; most superficial layer of the testes

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22
Q

What is the dartos muscle?

A

it lines the scrotum that raises & lowers testes for temperature control

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23
Q

What is the germinal epithelium?

A

thin serous membrane covering

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24
Q

What is the tunica albugenia?

A

white, tough fibrous connective tissue covering; deepest

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25
What are lobules?
triangular regions inside the testes formed from the tunica albugenia folding inward; approximately 200 per testis; have walls between them called septa
26
What are seminiferous tubules?
each lobule is filled with 1-3; tiny coiled tubes where sperm is produced; approximately 0.5 miles of these tubes per testis
27
What is the rete testis?
a maze-like group of tubes formed from all of the seminiferous tubules merging at the edge of the testis
28
How do the sperm exit the testis?
through straight tubes called the efferent ducts & enter the epididymis
29
What is the epididymis?
a tear-drop shaped, 20-23 foot long coiled tube located on superior & posterior edge of each testis; this organ is the site of sperm maturation
30
What are the 3 regions of the epididymis?
head, body, & tail
31
When are sperm mature enough to fertilize an egg?
only the sperm exiting the tail region of the epididymis
32
What is the vas deferens?
18 inch long tube that connects to the tail of the epididymis; it travels ⇧ from scrotum (& testis) ⤏ inguinal canal ⤏ body cavity & turns medially, crosses the superior edge of bladder ⇩ posterior side of bladder ⤏ base of bladder
33
What are the 3 layers of the vas deferens from deep to superficial?
mucosa, muscularis, & serosa
34
What is the mucosa layer of the vas deferens?
deepest; made of ciliated epithelium which aids in moving sperm
35
What is the muscularis layer of the vas deferens?
smooth muscle for peristalsis
36
What is the serosa layer of the vas deferens?
superficial covering
37
What is the cremaster muscle?
covers nerves & blood vessels that wrap the vas deferens; aids dartos muscle in positioning the testes for spermatogenesis & temperature control
38
What is the testicular artery & vein?
the blood vessel that wraps around the vas deferens
39
What are the genital, testicular, & ilioinguinal nerves?
the nerves that wrap the vas deferens
40
What is the spermatic cord?
the cremaster muscle, and the nerves & blood vessels that all cover the vas deferens
41
What are the 3 types of glands in the male reproductive structures?
seminal vesicles, prostate, & bulbourethral glands
42
What are the seminal vesicles?
a pair of honeycomb shaped glands located on the posterior inferior surface of the bladder
43
What do seminal vesicles secrete?
carbohydrates that the sperm’s mitochondria use for ATP generation
44
What is the prostate?
approximately 30 gland units wrapped by a fibrous capsule; donut shaped encircling the urethra
45
What is the purpose of the prostate’s secretions?
it enhances sperm motility to make them move straighter and faster
46
What are bulbourethral glands?
a pair of pea-sized glands embedded in the inferior body wall to the left & right of the urethra
47
What do the bulbourethral glands secrete?
mucous that coats the urethra to protect sperm from urine residue & raises vaginal pH
48
What is the penis?
has both urinary & reproductive function; made of the corpus spongiosum & corpora cavernosa which are compartmentalized by connective tissue & muscle
49
What is the corpus spongiosum?
spongy tissue that surrounds urethra & forms the distal end of the penis called the glans penis
50
What is the corpora cavernosa?
2 cylinders of erectile tissue that surround a central cavernosal artery; they have irregular-shaped open caverns that fill with blood in an erection
51
When does spermatogenesis start?
at puberty in the seminiferous tubules
52
What are spermatogonia?
diploid cells that line each seminiferous tubule
53
What are Sertoli nurse cells?
found between the spermatogonia of the seminiferous tubules
54
What are interstitial cells of Leydig?
found between the adjacent seminiferous tubules to fill in the gaps
55
What is GnRH?
gonadotropin releasing hormone; it is released by the hypothalamus at puberty
56
Where does GnRH travel?
to the anterior part of the pituitary gland causing it to release 2 hormones at the same time which are FSH & LH
57
What is FSH?
follicle stimulating hormone; travels to Sertoli nurse cells causing them to release a hormone called ABP (androgen binding protein)
58
What is LH?
luteinizing hormone; travels to interstitial cells of Leydig causing them to release testosterone
59
What does testosterone do?
grows/maintains sex organs, increases protein synthesis (growth spurt), & causes secondary sex characteristics (body/facial hair & growth of thyroid cartilage to deepen the voice)
60
What triggers spermatogenesis?
the combination of testosterone & ABP
61
What does the spermatogonium divide into & through what process?
it divides into primary spermatocyte & spermatogonium through mitosis
62
What does the primary spermatocyte divide into & through what process?
2 secondary spermatocytes (which are both haploid) through meiosis I
63
What do the 2 secondary spermatocytes divide into & through what process?
4 spermatids through meiosis II
64
What is spermiogenesis?
a process by which excess cytoplasm is enzymatically removed by Sertoli nurse cells to transform spermatids into mature sperm
65
How many sperm are there per mL of semen?
40-300 million
66
What is the sperm’s flagellum?
the tail; used for swimming (8 inches per hour)
67
What is the sperm’s midpiece?
contains a spiral arrangement of mitochondria for ATP generation
68
What is the sperm’s head?
haploid; contains DNA
69
What is the sperm’s acrosome?
a “cap” containing species-specific enzymes that erode the outer coating of an egg
70
What are gonads?
unisex term for the organs that produce sperm or egg (testes/ovaries)
71
What are gametes?
unisex term for sperm or egg
72
What are accessory structures?
found in male & female to transport or support the development of gametes
73
Why do both males & females have similar hormones?
to control the development of gametes

A&P II Lecture (9 decks)

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