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A&P II Lecture > exam 4 heart > Flashcards

exam 4 heart Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cardiovascular system include?

A

heart, blood vessels, blood, & lymphatic system (not really)

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2
Q

What is the heart?

A

approximately 1 pound with the size/shape of a closed fist; located in thoracic cavity slightly left of the midline

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3
Q

What is the heart’s base?

A

superior part which is flat

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4
Q

What is the heart’s apex?

A

inferior part which is pointed; rests on the diaphragm & touches the chest wall at the 5th intercostal space

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5
Q

What happens to the heart when using CPR?

A

the heart muscle is manually contracted/squeezed between bodies of vertebrae & ribs + sternum

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6
Q

What layers protect the heart?

A

fibrous pericardium & serous pericardium (parietal/visceral)

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7
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

A

tough, dense, fibrous connective tissue; protects heart & holds it in place

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8
Q

What is the serous pericardium?

A

thin, soft, delicate serous membrane folded into parietal & visceral surfaces

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9
Q

What is the parietal pericardium?

A

deeper surface; fuses to the inside of the fibrous pericardium

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10
Q

What is the visceral pericardium?

A

also called epicardium; anchors directly to the heart wall; can also be categorized as a layer in the wall of the heart

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11
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

space separating the parietal & visceral pericardium; filled with 15 mL of pericardial fluid which serves as a lubricant to reduce friction

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12
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

muscle layer made of cardiac muscle cells; each cell is branched & contains 1 central nucleus & they are interwoven to provide strength & prevent this layer from tearing

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13
Q

How are adjacent cardiac cells anchored?

A

by many desmosomes & specialized gap junctions called intercalated disks which act to hold cells together while allowing electrical impulses to pass from 1 cell to another to help coordinate contraction of the myocardium

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14
Q

How are cardiac muscle cells autorhythmic?

A

they can contract spontaneously without electrical impulses; when these cells touch each other they contract as a unit

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15
Q

What is a syncytium?

A

the units in which cardiac muscle cells are arranged; this arrangement allows the heart to contract with a slight twist to properly pump blood

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16
Q

When the heart is damaged, what chemicals could leak from the cardiac muscle cells?

A

troponin & creatine phosphokinase

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17
Q

What is troponin?

A

it can leak into the blood; elevated levels indicate heart damage (usually a heart attack)

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18
Q

What is creatine phosphokinase?

A

an enzyme that cardiac muscle cells use during their metabolism; it leaks into blood when cells are damaged

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19
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

deepest layer lining the inside of the heart; made of endothelium which is a type of epithelium where the cells are flat & scale-like (squamous)

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20
Q

Why is the formation of the cells in the endocardium important?

A

the cells are close together making this lining slick so that blood zips through

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21
Q

What tissue forms the heart valves?

A

the endocardium; it is continuous with the linings of blood vessels

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22
Q

What is endocarditis?

A

occurs when the lining is inflamed which can cause blood clots along the now roughened surface which can lead to pulmonary embolism in the lung or a stroke

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23
Q

What is c-reactive protein?

A

released into the blood by the liver due to some type of blood vessel inflammation (endocarditis); elevated levels of this protein can indicate any type of blood vessel inflammation

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24
Q

What are the 2 main routes of blood flow through the heart?

A

pulmonary & systemic circulation

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25
What is pulmonary circulation?
deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs; right side of the heart
26
Through what 3 sources does blood enter the heart during pulmonary circulation?
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, & coronary sinus opening
27
What is the superior vena cava?
drains blood from above heart level
28
What is the inferior vena cava?
drains blood from below heart level
29
What is the coronary sinus opening?
drains blood from the myocardium
30
Where does the blood go after it enters the heart?
fills the atria & auricles
31
How does blood travel to the right ventricle?
by passing through the tricuspid valve; the right ventricle contracts from the apex upwards with a slight twisting motion
32
Where does blood flow when it exits the right ventricle?
into the pulmonary artery trunk which branches into the left & right pulmonary arteries that continue to the lungs
33
What is the pulmonary semilunar valve?
it snaps shut to prevent backflow of blood into the right ventricle (from PAT)
34
Why must some blood always remain in the ventricles?
to prevent the walls from collapsing
35
What is systemic circulation?
newly oxygenated blood from the lungs is pumped to all body systems; left side of heart
36
How does blood enter the heart during systemic circulation?
newly oxygenated blood in alveolar capillaries merges into 4 pulmonary veins
37
How does blood enter the left ventricle?
by going through the bicuspid valve; left ventricle contracts from apex upwards with a slight twisting motion to eject blood into the aorta
38
What is the aortic semilunar valve?
it snaps shut to prevent backflow from the aorta into the left ventricle
39
What are the 2 types of valves in the heart?
atrioventricular & semilunar valves
40
What are atrioventricular valves?
the tri & bi cuspid valves; they separate the atria & ventricles
41
What are atrioventricular valves made of?
soft flaps called cusps which grow out of the endocardium
42
What are chordae tendinae?
“heart strings” that anchor the cusps into the ventricles; they attach to papillary muscles
43
What are papillary muscles?
cone-shaped extensions from the ventricle wall to prevent the valve’s cusps from extending into the atria which prevents leakage of blood from ventricle into atrium
44
What are semilunar valves?
rigid valves that pop open due to force of blood as its ejected from ventricles; prevents leakage from “great vessels” (PAT & aorta) into ventricles
45
How is the “lub” heart sound heard?
from the closure of the tri & bi cuspid valves at the same time
46
How is the “dup” heart sound heard?
from the closure of the semilunar valves at the same time
47
What is a heart murmur?
when the heart sound is heard as a gurgle due to valve leakage
48
What is the heart’s conduction system?
groups of neurons that coordinate the contraction of the heart
49
What does the conduction system include?
SA node, AV node, AV bundle of His, bundle branches, & Purkinje fibers
50
What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?
a lump of nervous tissue in the right atrial wall slightly inferior to the opening of the superior vena cava
51
What does the SA node do?
sets basic heart rate at approximately 75 bpm which can be adjusted as needed; causes atria to contract at the same time
52
What is the atrioventricular (AV) node?
a lump of nervous tissue in the interatrial septum near the tricuspid valve; sends impulses to AV bundle of His
53
What is the atrioventricular (AV) bundle of His?
strand of nervous tissue in the superior part of interventricular septum; branches to form the bundle branches
54
What are the bundle branches?
strands of nervous tissue in the inferior portion of the interventricular septum; branches into Purkinje fibers
55
What are Purkinje fibers?
tiny branches that extend into lateral walls of the heart from apex upwards to ensure that contraction of the heart also occurs from apex upwards
56
When does heart failure occur?
when blood is not adequately ejected into the “great vessels”; often due to issues with conduction system or death/weakness of a portion of the heart wall
57
What are the 2 types of heart failure?
pulmonary & systemic
58
What is pulmonary heart failure?
occurs when the right side doesn’t fully eject blood which causes blood to back up into the right atrium & inferior vena cava
59
What happens as a result of pulmonary heart failure?
swelling of the extremities, especially feet, ankles, and legs; can cause serous fluid to leak from the skin (weeping heart failure)
60
What is systemic heart failure?
occurs when the left side doesn’t fully eject blood which causes blood to back up into the left atrium & 4 pulmonary veins
61
What happens as a result of systemic heart failure?
swelling of the alveolar capillaries which causes difficulty breathing
62
What is an electrocardiogram (EKG)?
graphical representation of impulses/electricity from the conduction system
63
What is the P wave on an EKG?
where depolarization of the atria occurs
64
What is the QRS complex on an EKG?
shows the repolarization of atria & the depolarization of ventricles
65
What is the T wave on an EKG?
where the repolarization of ventricles occurs
66
What happens at the place between the P wave & QRS complex?
depolarization of atria is completed
67
What happens at the place between the QRS complex & the T wave?
depolarization of ventricles is completed
68
What is cardiac output (CO)?
the amount of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute; typically 5250 mL/min or 5.25 L/min
69
How is CO calculated?
heart rate • stroke volume
70
What is stroke volume?
the volume of blood ejected with each heartbeat; contraction force
71
What is cardiac output influenced by?
intrinsic & extrinsic factors
72
What are intrinsic factors?
changing of heart rate or stroke volume
73
What are extrinsic factors?
events that somehow alter the intrinsic factors
74
How is sympathetic stimulation an extrinsic factor?
it increases heart rate & contraction force through cardiac nerves in the sympathetic division supplying the heart
75
How could sympathetic stimulation occur?
through fear, exercise, fever, excitement, most pain, etc.
76
What is epinephrine?
hormone from the adrenal glands that is released in severe sympathetic stimulation; its presence greatly increases cardiac output
77
How do high blood calcium levels affect cardiac output?
causes an increase in CO because it increases cross bridge formation in the cardiac muscle
78
How is parasympathetic stimulation an extrinsic factor?
it returns an elevated cardiac output to normal through cranial nerve X = vagus nerve
79
How does the vagus nerve affect cardiac output?
in severe abdominopelvic pain (kidney stones, appendicitis, etc.), the pain travels to the brain through the sensory part of vagus nerve & sends impulses back through vagus nerve to the heart causing a decrease in heart rate & stroke volume
80
How could the decrease in CO due to the vagus nerve be harmful?
can lead to a cardiac output that causes insufficient blood going to the brain causing someone to pass out
81
How do cold/freezing temperatures affect CO?
cause a decrease in cardiac output as body tries (unsuccessfully) to divert blood to our “vital” organs
82
How do high blood potassium levels affect CO?
alter the waves of depolarization in heart’s conduction system which decreases cardiac output
83
How does depression/grief affect CO?
decreases cardiac output
84
How does acidic blood pH affect CO?
acidic blood pH occurs if the brain’s respiratory centers do not respond to this acidity (because of the presence of drugs like opioids); this pH decreases cardiac output which can lead to death
85
What are baroreceptors?
masses of neurons found within the wall of the aortic arch & the wall of the common carotid arteries at the point where they branch into external & internal carotids
86
Why is it important that the great vessels can stretch & recoil?
large volumes of blood enter these vessels as ventricles contract, so they must be able to withstand the force
87
What do baroreceptors do?
monitor changes in blood pressure in the arteries they are located in, sending that information to the centers in the brain’s medulla which regulate cardiac output accordingly
88
How is pressure in the blood vessels expressed?
systole & diastole; these phases are monitored when blood pressure is taken
89
What is systole?
phase of contraction of atria & ventricles
90
What is atrial systole?
atria contract
91
What is ventricular systole?
ventricles contract
92
What is diastole?
phase of relaxation of atria or ventricles
93
What is atrial diastole?
atria relax & fill with blood
94
What is ventricular diastole?
ventricles relax & fill with blood
95
What is normal blood pressure?
120/80

A&P II Lecture (9 decks)

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