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A&P II Lecture > exam 4 blood & blood vessels > Flashcards

exam 4 blood & blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are blood vessels?

A

pipelines for the blood; includes arteries, veins, & capillaries

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2
Q

What are arteries?

A

vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart & into an organ, tissue, or body region

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3
Q

What are the types of arteries?

A

elastic, distributing, arterioles, & metarterioles

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4
Q

What are elastic arteries?

A

they expand & contract as ventricles contract & relax; includes great vessels (aorta & PAT)

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5
Q

What are distributing arteries?

A

travel into specific body regions; includes brachial, femoral, renal, etc.

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6
Q

What are arterioles?

A

branch from distributing arteries; have smooth muscle in their walls that regulates the amount of blood that passes from them; they can vasoconstrict/vasodilate

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7
Q

What are metarterioles?

A

branch from most arterioles that lead into capillaries; they can vasoconstrict/vasodilate

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8
Q

What are the 3 layers in the walls of all arteries?

A

endothelium, muscularis, & serosa (deep to superficial)

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9
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

slick type of epithelium that lines inside arteries

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10
Q

What is the muscularis?

A

layer of smooth muscle in walls of arteries; thick in the elastic arteries & thins out with each branch

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11
Q

What are the nervi-vasorum?

A

nerves in the ANS that control contraction/relaxation of the muscularis layer

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12
Q

What are the vaso-vasorum?

A

tiny blood vessels that give the muscularis its own blood supply in the elastic arteries & large distributing arteries

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13
Q

What is the serosa?

A

outer covering of arteries that binds many veins & arteries together in one unit; often binds nearby nerves as well

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14
Q

What are capillaries?

A

small vessels that may be microscopic; they allow blood to perfuse tissues

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15
Q

What is perfusion pressure?

A

the amount of force required to provide blood to a specific body part via capillaries

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16
Q

What controls perfusion pressure?

A

cardiac output, vasodilation, & vasoconstriction of arterioles & metarterioles

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

continuous, fenestrated, & sinusoidal

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18
Q

What are continuous capillaries?

A

the endothelium has cells close together with tiny holes in between that only allow water, ions, salts, & sugars to “leak” through; can be found in skeletal muscle

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19
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

the endothelium has medium-sized holes between cells; good for absorption, secretion, & filtration; can be found in glomerulus

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20
Q

What are sinusoidal capillaries?

A

the endothelium has large holes between cells making blood cells able to pass into or out of; can be found in red bone marrow

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21
Q

What are veins?

A

vessels that RETURN blood to the heart from organs, tissues, or body regions

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of veins?

A

venules & veins

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23
Q

What are venules?

A

mergers of capillaries

24
Q

Why can’t veins expand or contract much?

A

they lack abundant smooth muscle & it is sometimes arranged in spiral fashion which also makes their walls thin

25
Q

Why is it important for most veins’ endothelial lining to be folded into ridges?

A

some of these ridges form valve-like structures which help the blood return to the heart by preventing backflow

26
Q

Why is it beneficial for veins to be located deep to skeletal muscle?

A

as the muscle contracts, the vein is “massaged” to help move blood back to the heart

27
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

when blood backflows & the vessel stretches

28
Q

What could cause varicose veins?

A

being female (smaller muscle mass), sitting or standing a lot, pregnancy, age, & cardiovascular health issues

29
Q

What is blood?

A

a type of connective tissue with “cells” called formed elements scattered in liquid matrix called plasma

30
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

transports O2, CO2, ions, hormones, sugars, & cellular waste, regulates pH of interstitial fluids (ICF), defends against invading pathogens, controls body temperature, & protects from its own loss by forming clots

31
Q

What is plasma made of?

A

water (most abundant component of blood making up about 92% of plasma), dissolved solutes (ions, sugars, salts), & plasma proteins

32
Q

What are the 3 types of plasma proteins?

A

albumin, globulin, & fibrinogen

33
Q

What is albumin?

A

produced by the liver; provides osmotic pressure that pulls excess water from ICF to prevent swelling

34
Q

What is globulin?

A

large 3-D proteins that transport large molecules such as steroids & steroid hormones (mostly end in “-one”)

35
Q

What are immunoglobulins?

A

specialized globulins which are antibodies that protect us against infection/disease

36
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

an inactive form of fibrin which is used for clot formation; conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin occurs when fibrinogen is exposed to charged molecules

37
Q

What are formed elements?

A

cells & cell fragments that develop from hematopoietic stem cells in spongy (red) bone marrow

38
Q

What do the hematopoietic stem cells form?

A

1 of 2 cell lines; these include lymphoid & myeloid cell lines

39
Q

What is the lymphoid cell line?

A

cells that develop in red bone marrow; some circulate in blood, others reside in bone marrow, & additional ones migrate to lymph nodes, organs (tonsils), or lymph vessels

40
Q

What 2 cells develop from the lymphoid cell line?

A

lymphocytes & monocytes

41
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

protects from specific toxins & antigens

42
Q

What are monocytes?

A

can exit blood vessels & wander through infected tissue; they become macrophages which engulf & destroy pathogens/debris

43
Q

What is the myeloid cell line?

A

it differentiates into basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, megakaryocytes, & erythrocytes

44
Q

What are basophils?

A

produce histamine which promotes inflammation

45
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

abundant in allergies

46
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

engulf & destroy pathogens/debris

47
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

big cells that fragment into pieces called platelets which are very small, have no nucleus & minimal organelles, so they only live 5-7 days

48
Q

What happens when platelets get sticky & how do they become sticky?

A

they become sticky when exposed to air or connective tissue & they stick together, forming clots which triggers more platelets to stick together, causing the clot to increase in size

49
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells; biconcave disk shaped cells (this shape is perfect for hemoglobin to fit inside) with no nucleus once mature

50
Q

Why do erythrocytes only have no nucleus once they are mature?

A

they lose their nucleus when they enter blood vessels from red bone marrow to have more space in the cell

51
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

a hormone from the kidneys that controls the manufacture of erythrocytes

52
Q

How do new erythrocytes enter circulation?

A

through sinusoidal capillaries

53
Q

Why do erythrocytes lack mitochondria?

A

so that the oxygen they carry is not used up by mitochondria

54
Q

What is hemoglobin made of?

A

globin (a protein) & heme (a red iron containing pigment)

55
Q

RBC circulate for about 3 months, what happens after this period?

A

old RBC travel to liver & spleen where they’re broken down & heme is stripped of its iron & is recycled

56
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

it becomes part of the feces as it is removed from the body; the iron from heme & other components are incorporated into it

A&P II Lecture (9 decks)

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