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A&P II Lecture > exam 4 blood & blood vessels > Flashcards

exam 4 blood & blood vessels Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

What are blood vessels?

A

pipelines for the blood; includes arteries, veins, & capillaries

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2
Q

What are arteries?

A

vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart & into an organ, tissue, or body region

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3
Q

What are the types of arteries?

A

elastic, distributing, arterioles, & metarterioles

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4
Q

What are elastic arteries?

A

they expand & contract as ventricles contract & relax; includes great vessels (aorta & PAT)

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5
Q

What are distributing arteries?

A

travel into specific body regions; includes brachial, femoral, renal, etc.

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6
Q

What are arterioles?

A

branch from distributing arteries; have smooth muscle in their walls that regulates the amount of blood that passes from them; they can vasoconstrict/vasodilate

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7
Q

What are metarterioles?

A

branch from most arterioles that lead into capillaries; they can vasoconstrict/vasodilate

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8
Q

What are the 3 layers in the walls of all arteries?

A

endothelium, muscularis, & serosa (deep to superficial)

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9
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

slick type of epithelium that lines inside arteries

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10
Q

What is the muscularis?

A

layer of smooth muscle in walls of arteries; thick in the elastic arteries & thins out with each branch

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11
Q

What are the nervi-vasorum?

A

nerves in the ANS that control contraction/relaxation of the muscularis layer

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12
Q

What are the vaso-vasorum?

A

tiny blood vessels that give the muscularis its own blood supply in the elastic arteries & large distributing arteries

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13
Q

What is the serosa?

A

outer covering of arteries that binds many veins & arteries together in one unit; often binds nearby nerves as well

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14
Q

What are capillaries?

A

small vessels that may be microscopic; they allow blood to perfuse tissues

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15
Q

What is perfusion pressure?

A

the amount of force required to provide blood to a specific body part via capillaries

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16
Q

What controls perfusion pressure?

A

cardiac output, vasodilation, & vasoconstriction of arterioles & metarterioles

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

continuous, fenestrated, & sinusoidal

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18
Q

What are continuous capillaries?

A

the endothelium has cells close together with tiny holes in between that only allow water, ions, salts, & sugars to “leak” through; can be found in skeletal muscle

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19
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

the endothelium has medium-sized holes between cells; good for absorption, secretion, & filtration; can be found in glomerulus

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20
Q

What are sinusoidal capillaries?

A

the endothelium has large holes between cells making blood cells able to pass into or out of; can be found in red bone marrow

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21
Q

What are veins?

A

vessels that RETURN blood to the heart from organs, tissues, or body regions

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of veins?

A

venules & veins

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23
Q

What are venules?

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A

mergers of capillaries

24
Q

Why can’t veins expand or contract much?

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A

they lack abundant smooth muscle & it is sometimes arranged in spiral fashion which also makes their walls thin

25
Why is it important for most veins’ endothelial lining to be folded into ridges?
some of these ridges form valve-like structures which help the blood return to the heart by preventing backflow
26
Why is it beneficial for veins to be located deep to skeletal muscle?
as the muscle contracts, the vein is “massaged” to help move blood back to the heart
27
What are varicose veins?
when blood backflows & the vessel stretches
28
What could cause varicose veins?
being female (smaller muscle mass), sitting or standing a lot, pregnancy, age, & cardiovascular health issues
29
What is blood?
a type of connective tissue with “cells” called formed elements scattered in liquid matrix called plasma
30
What are the functions of blood?
transports O2, CO2, ions, hormones, sugars, & cellular waste, regulates pH of interstitial fluids (ICF), defends against invading pathogens, controls body temperature, & protects from its own loss by forming clots
31
What is plasma made of?
water (most abundant component of blood making up about 92% of plasma), dissolved solutes (ions, sugars, salts), & plasma proteins
32
What are the 3 types of plasma proteins?
albumin, globulin, & fibrinogen
33
What is albumin?
produced by the liver; provides osmotic pressure that pulls excess water from ICF to prevent swelling
34
What is globulin?
large 3-D proteins that transport large molecules such as steroids & steroid hormones (mostly end in “-one”)
35
What are immunoglobulins?
specialized globulins which are antibodies that protect us against infection/disease
36
What is fibrinogen?
an inactive form of fibrin which is used for clot formation; conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin occurs when fibrinogen is exposed to charged molecules
37
What are formed elements?
cells & cell fragments that develop from hematopoietic stem cells in spongy (red) bone marrow
38
What do the hematopoietic stem cells form?
1 of 2 cell lines; these include lymphoid & myeloid cell lines
39
What is the lymphoid cell line?
cells that develop in red bone marrow; some circulate in blood, others reside in bone marrow, & additional ones migrate to lymph nodes, organs (tonsils), or lymph vessels
40
What 2 cells develop from the lymphoid cell line?
lymphocytes & monocytes
41
What are lymphocytes?
protects from specific toxins & antigens
42
What are monocytes?
can exit blood vessels & wander through infected tissue; they become macrophages which engulf & destroy pathogens/debris
43
What is the myeloid cell line?
it differentiates into basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, megakaryocytes, & erythrocytes
44
What are basophils?
produce histamine which promotes inflammation
45
What are eosinophils?
abundant in allergies
46
What are neutrophils?
engulf & destroy pathogens/debris
47
What are megakaryocytes?
big cells that fragment into pieces called platelets which are very small, have no nucleus & minimal organelles, so they only live 5-7 days
48
What happens when platelets get sticky & how do they become sticky?
they become sticky when exposed to air or connective tissue & they stick together, forming clots which triggers more platelets to stick together, causing the clot to increase in size
49
What are erythrocytes?
red blood cells; biconcave disk shaped cells (this shape is perfect for hemoglobin to fit inside) with no nucleus once mature
50
Why do erythrocytes only have no nucleus once they are mature?
they lose their nucleus when they enter blood vessels from red bone marrow to have more space in the cell
51
What is erythropoietin?
a hormone from the kidneys that controls the manufacture of erythrocytes
52
How do new erythrocytes enter circulation?
through sinusoidal capillaries
53
Why do erythrocytes lack mitochondria?
so that the oxygen they carry is not used up by mitochondria
54
What is hemoglobin made of?
globin (a protein) & heme (a red iron containing pigment)
55
RBC circulate for about 3 months, what happens after this period?
old RBC travel to liver & spleen where they’re broken down & heme is stripped of its iron & is recycled
56
What is bilirubin?
it becomes part of the feces as it is removed from the body; the iron from heme & other components are incorporated into it

A&P II Lecture (9 decks)

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