FInal Exam (15, 16. 18) Flashcards
What is used to distinguish cell as self?
MHC
Antibodies recognize and binds to specific regions on antigens called?
Epitopes
Humoral (antibody mediated) immunity works best against…
Free-floating pathogens (extracellular)
Type of vaccine only including antigen
Subunit
Types of T cells (2)
Helper: activates other immune cells (activated through antigen presentation, makes cytokines)
Cytoxic (CTLs): kills target cells
Types of cytotoxic T cells (2)
- Perforins form holes in membrane
- Granzymes kill target
Stages of immune response (4)
- Antigen recognition/presentation
- Lymphocyte activation
- Lymphocyte proliferation/differentiation
- Antigen elimination + memory
branches of adaptive immunity (2)
- Humoral (antibody-mediated): defends against free-floating pathogens
- Cellular (cell-mediated): defends against intracellular pathogens and cancer
Define antibody
Circulating protein that tags microbes for destruction
APCs
Antigen-presenting cell (e.g. macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells)
Effector vs memory cells
Effector: attach to foreign invader (die once infection is gone)
Memory: remembers invaders to respond fast next time
Types of vaccines (4)
Attenuated (live but weakened e.g. chickenpox)
Inactivated (killed pathogen e.g. polio)
Subunit (antigen of pathogen e.g. Hep B)
Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA of pathogen e.g. COVID)
Endemic vs epidemic vs pandemic
Endemic: region @ constant rate
Epidemic: sudden increase in occurrence, spreads to other areas of region
Pandemic: worldwide (like Pitbull))
Transmission (6)
Contact (direct, indirect)
Airborne (coughing, droplets, etc)
Vehicle (inanimate e.g. water)
Vector (living things e.g. dogs)
Vertical (mother -> baby)
Healthcare-associated infections
Signs vs symptoms
Signs are measured/observed (e.g. heart rate)
Symptoms are felt by the patient (e.g. fatigue)
Infection/lethal dose
of microbes needed to infect/kill 50% of group
Stages of pathogenesis (5)
Exposure
Adhesion
Invasion
Infection
Spread to next host
Exotoxins vs endotoxins
Exotoxins released by cell death/division
Endotoxins are proteins released into surroundings
- AB toxin (2 subunits with A for activity; B for binding and prohibits protein synthesis)
- Membrane disrupting
- Superantigens (activates T cells leading to massive cytokine release - hypotension, organ failure)
Virulence factors (3)
IgA protease (breaks down IgA antibodies to avoid detection)
Capsules
Biofilms
Examples of adhesins (3)
Pili
Fimbriae
Capsule
