FInal Exam (15, 16. 18) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is used to distinguish cell as self?

A

MHC

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2
Q

Antibodies recognize and binds to specific regions on antigens called?

A

Epitopes

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3
Q

Humoral (antibody mediated) immunity works best against…

A

Free-floating pathogens (extracellular)

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4
Q

Type of vaccine only including antigen

A

Subunit

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5
Q

Types of T cells (2)

A

Helper: activates other immune cells (activated through antigen presentation, makes cytokines)
Cytoxic (CTLs): kills target cells

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6
Q

Types of cytotoxic T cells (2)

A
  • Perforins form holes in membrane
  • Granzymes kill target
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7
Q

Stages of immune response (4)

A
  1. Antigen recognition/presentation
  2. Lymphocyte activation
  3. Lymphocyte proliferation/differentiation
  4. Antigen elimination + memory
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8
Q

branches of adaptive immunity (2)

A
  • Humoral (antibody-mediated): defends against free-floating pathogens
  • Cellular (cell-mediated): defends against intracellular pathogens and cancer
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9
Q

Define antibody

A

Circulating protein that tags microbes for destruction

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10
Q

APCs

A

Antigen-presenting cell (e.g. macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells)

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11
Q

Effector vs memory cells

A

Effector: attach to foreign invader (die once infection is gone)
Memory: remembers invaders to respond fast next time

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12
Q

Types of vaccines (4)

A

Attenuated (live but weakened e.g. chickenpox)
Inactivated (killed pathogen e.g. polio)
Subunit (antigen of pathogen e.g. Hep B)
Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA of pathogen e.g. COVID)

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13
Q

Endemic vs epidemic vs pandemic

A

Endemic: region @ constant rate
Epidemic: sudden increase in occurrence, spreads to other areas of region
Pandemic: worldwide (like Pitbull))

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14
Q

Transmission (6)

A

Contact (direct, indirect)
Airborne (coughing, droplets, etc)
Vehicle (inanimate e.g. water)
Vector (living things e.g. dogs)
Vertical (mother -> baby)
Healthcare-associated infections

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15
Q

Signs vs symptoms

A

Signs are measured/observed (e.g. heart rate)
Symptoms are felt by the patient (e.g. fatigue)

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16
Q

Infection/lethal dose

A

of microbes needed to infect/kill 50% of group

17
Q

Stages of pathogenesis (5)

A

Exposure
Adhesion
Invasion
Infection
Spread to next host

18
Q

Exotoxins vs endotoxins

A

Exotoxins released by cell death/division
Endotoxins are proteins released into surroundings
- AB toxin (2 subunits with A for activity; B for binding and prohibits protein synthesis)
- Membrane disrupting
- Superantigens (activates T cells leading to massive cytokine release - hypotension, organ failure)

19
Q

Virulence factors (3)

A

IgA protease (breaks down IgA antibodies to avoid detection)
Capsules
Biofilms

20
Q

Examples of adhesins (3)

A

Pili
Fimbriae
Capsule