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Microbiology > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are some common features between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? (3)

A
  1. Macromolecules (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbs)
  2. Metabolism
  3. Mechanisms of transport across membrane (diffusion, osmosis, active transport)
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2
Q

Are eukaryotes or prokaryotes associated with histones (proteins)?

A

Eukaryotes

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3
Q

What is the shape of DNA in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes?

A

Circular in prokaryotes; linear in eukaryotes

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4
Q

How do prokaryotes divide?

A

Binary fission

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5
Q

What are the ribsome differences in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryores: 70S; Eukaryotes: 80S

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6
Q

Are eukaryotes bigger or smaller than prokaryotes?

A

Bigger

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7
Q

What is osmotic lysis?

A

The cell swells and bursts due to H2O moving in (hypotonic solution)

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8
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

Cell shrivels due to H2O moving out of cell (hypertonic solutions)

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9
Q

What is the microtubule composion of eukaryotic flagella?

A

9 + 2

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10
Q

What is the process of the cell membrane folding inward to bring in fluids?

A

Pinocytosis

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11
Q

What type of cell wall has teichoic acid?

A

Gram positive

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12
Q

What kind of cell wall contains mycolic acid (a waxy lipid)?

A

Acid-fast

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13
Q

What is the purpose of PG?

A

Gives the cell wall rigidity for protection

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14
Q

What is the function of teichoic acid?

A

Provide extra stability to PG and binds extracellular molecules

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15
Q

What is penicillin binding protein (PBP)?

A

An enzyme for cell wall biosynthesis (forms crosslinks between PG strands for stability) – more important in G+ walls because it’s thicker

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16
Q

When are endospores formed?

A

When the cell is under stress (spore is resistant allowing survival)

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17
Q

What are the types of endocytosis? (3)

A
  1. Phagocytosis (large particles)
  2. Pinocytosis (fluids)
  3. Receptor-mediated (specific substances)
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18
Q

Viral Class I - dsDNA

A

DNA-dependent DNA polymerase makes DNA
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase transcribes DNA (making mRNA to make protein)

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19
Q

Viral Class II - ssDNA

A

DNA pol replicates ssDNA to make dsDNA (making mRNA to make protein)

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20
Q

Viral Class III - dsRNA

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase replicates RNA and strand is used as mRNA to make protein

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21
Q

Viral Class IV - ssRNA (+)

A

RDRP replicated RNA and used as mRNA

22
Q

Viral Class V - ssRNA (-)

A

RDRP replicates RNA and makes +ssRNA to be used as mRNA

23
Q

What is the shape of cocci?

24
Q

What is the shape of bacilli?

A

Long rods (pill shaped)

25
Q

What are the types of spiral bacteria (3)

A
  1. Vibrio (comma)
  2. Spirillum (rigid corkscrew)
  3. Spirochete (flexible corkscrew)
26
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Extrachromosomal DNA that replicates independently

27
Q

What is an obligatory intracellular parasite?

A

Viruses that can’t produce outside host cell

28
Q

What is a virion?

A

Complete, fully developed, infectious viral particle

29
Q

What is a prion?

A

Proteinaceous infectious particle (rogue misfolded protein causing normal proteins to be misfolded)

30
Q

What is virioud?

A

Self-replicating RNA

31
Q

What is a virusoid?

A

Non self-replicating RNA requiring helper virus to replicate

32
Q

Do viral genomes have both DNA and RNA?

A

No, it’s either

33
Q

What are the steps of viral replication?

A
  1. Attacment
  2. Penetration (entry)
  3. Biosynthesis
  4. Maturation
  5. Release
    Mnemonic: A Purple Bear Might Run (??)
34
Q

What is the lytic cycle of bacteriophages?

A

Replication of virus results in lysis of bacterial cell

35
Q

What is the lysogenic cycle of bacteriophages?

A

Viral DNA is incorporated into host DNA without cell lysis (lysogeny)

36
Q

What is lysogenic conversion?

A

Expression of phage genes while in prophage state (dormant phage DNA) – host has new characteristics

37
Q

Which of the following describes bacteria?
a. Multicellular
b. Linear chromosomes
c. PG in cell wall
d. Unique membrane phospholipids

A

c. PG in cell wall

38
Q

What structure would a cell use for motility?

39
Q

What plasma membrane component is unique to eukaryotes?
a. Phospholipid bilayer
b. Sterols
c. Active transport
d. Integral membrane proteins

A

b. Sterols

40
Q

What are the subunits of capsids called?

A

Capsomeres

41
Q

What is the enzyme that uses viral RNA as a template to produce DNA?

A

Reverse transcriptase

42
Q

What is the function of the golgi complex?

A

Protein packing and transport

43
Q

What is the difference between smooth and rough ER?

A

Smooth: phospholipid production/detoxification
Rough: makes/transports proteins for cell membrane/wall

44
Q

What is germination?

A

When an environment becomes favorable and goes into a state of actively growing

45
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Move to/away from chemicals

46
Q

What is phototaxis?

A

Move to/away from light

47
Q

Differentiate between the different categories of flagella (prokaryotes)

A
  • Monotrichous (1)
  • Lophotrichous (tuft/group at 1 end)
  • Amphitrichous (2 total with 1 at each pole)
  • Peritrichous (flagella all over)
  • Atrichous (no flagella)
48
Q

What are fimbriae/pili?

A

Hair-like structures that aid in attachment, biofilm formation, motility, and DNA transfer

49
Q

What is the function of glycocalyx?

A

Aids in attachment, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity and protection/resistance

50
Q

What is in the outer membrane of a G- cell wall? (3)

A

Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, porin proteins

51
Q

What is the formation between strands of PG?

A

Crosslink (PBP binds together)

52
Q

What is the PG’s subunits making up its backbone?

Microbiology (9 decks)

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