Exam 1 Review

Question 1

What are some common features between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? (3)

Answer 1

1. Macromolecules (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbs)
2. Metabolism
3. Mechanisms of transport across membrane (diffusion, osmosis, active transport)

Question 2

Are eukaryotes or prokaryotes associated with histones (proteins)?

Answer 2

Eukaryotes

Question 3

What is the shape of DNA in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes?

Answer 3

Circular in prokaryotes; linear in eukaryotes

Question 4

How do prokaryotes divide?

Answer 4

Binary fission

Question 5

What are the ribsome differences in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?

Answer 5

Prokaryores: 70S; Eukaryotes: 80S

Question 6

Are eukaryotes bigger or smaller than prokaryotes?

Answer 6

Bigger

Question 7

What is osmotic lysis?

Answer 7

The cell swells and bursts due to H2O moving in (hypotonic solution)

Question 8

What is plasmolysis?

Answer 8

Cell shrivels due to H2O moving out of cell (hypertonic solutions)

Question 9

What is the microtubule composion of eukaryotic flagella?

Answer 9

9 + 2

Question 10

What is the process of the cell membrane folding inward to bring in fluids?

Answer 10

Pinocytosis

Question 11

What type of cell wall has teichoic acid?

Answer 11

Gram positive

Question 12

What kind of cell wall contains mycolic acid (a waxy lipid)?

Answer 12

Acid-fast

Question 13

What is the purpose of PG?

Answer 13

Gives the cell wall rigidity for protection

Question 14

What is the function of teichoic acid?

Answer 14

Provide extra stability to PG and binds extracellular molecules

Question 15

What is penicillin binding protein (PBP)?

Answer 15

An enzyme for cell wall biosynthesis (forms crosslinks between PG strands for stability) – more important in G+ walls because it’s thicker

Question 16

When are endospores formed?

Answer 16

When the cell is under stress (spore is resistant allowing survival)

Question 17

What are the types of endocytosis? (3)

Answer 17

1. Phagocytosis (large particles)
2. Pinocytosis (fluids)
3. Receptor-mediated (specific substances)

Question 18

Viral Class I - dsDNA

Answer 18

DNA-dependent DNA polymerase makes DNA
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase transcribes DNA (making mRNA to make protein)

Question 19

Viral Class II - ssDNA

Answer 19

DNA pol replicates ssDNA to make dsDNA (making mRNA to make protein)

Question 20

Viral Class III - dsRNA

Answer 20

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase replicates RNA and strand is used as mRNA to make protein

Question 21

Viral Class IV - ssRNA (+)

Answer 21

RDRP replicated RNA and used as mRNA

Question 22

Viral Class V - ssRNA (-)

Answer 22

RDRP replicates RNA and makes +ssRNA to be used as mRNA

Question 23

What is the shape of cocci?

Answer 23

Spheres

Question 24

What is the shape of bacilli?

Answer 24

Long rods (pill shaped)

Question 25

What are the types of spiral bacteria (3)

Answer 25

1. Vibrio (comma) 2. Spirillum (rigid corkscrew) 3. Spirochete (flexible corkscrew)

Question 26

What are plasmids?

Answer 26

Extrachromosomal DNA that replicates independently

Question 27

What is an obligatory intracellular parasite?

Answer 27

Viruses that can't produce outside host cell

Question 28

What is a virion?

Answer 28

Complete, fully developed, infectious viral particle

Question 29

What is a prion?

Answer 29

Proteinaceous infectious particle (rogue misfolded protein causing normal proteins to be misfolded)

Question 30

What is virioud?

Answer 30

Self-replicating RNA

Question 31

What is a virusoid?

Answer 31

Non self-replicating RNA requiring helper virus to replicate

Question 32

Do viral genomes have both DNA and RNA?

Answer 32

No, it's either

Question 33

What are the steps of viral replication?

Answer 33

1. Attacment 2. Penetration (entry) 3. Biosynthesis 4. Maturation 5. Release Mnemonic: A Purple Bear Might Run (??)

Question 34

What is the lytic cycle of bacteriophages?

Answer 34

Replication of virus results in lysis of bacterial cell

Question 35

What is the lysogenic cycle of bacteriophages?

Answer 35

Viral DNA is incorporated into host DNA without cell lysis (lysogeny)

Question 36

What is lysogenic conversion?

Answer 36

Expression of phage genes while in prophage state (dormant phage DNA) -- host has new characteristics

Question 37

Which of the following describes bacteria? a. Multicellular b. Linear chromosomes c. PG in cell wall d. Unique membrane phospholipids

Answer 37

c. PG in cell wall

Question 38

What structure would a cell use for motility?

Answer 38

Flagella

Question 39

What plasma membrane component is unique to eukaryotes? a. Phospholipid bilayer b. Sterols c. Active transport d. Integral membrane proteins

Answer 39

b. Sterols

Question 40

What are the subunits of capsids called?

Answer 40

Capsomeres

Question 41

What is the enzyme that uses viral RNA as a template to produce DNA?

Answer 41

Reverse transcriptase

Question 42

What is the function of the golgi complex?

Answer 42

Protein packing and transport

Question 43

What is the difference between smooth and rough ER?

Answer 43

Smooth: phospholipid production/detoxification Rough: makes/transports proteins for cell membrane/wall

Question 44

What is germination?

Answer 44

When an environment becomes favorable and goes into a state of actively growing

Question 45

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 45

Move to/away from chemicals

Question 46

What is phototaxis?

Answer 46

Move to/away from light

Question 47

Differentiate between the different categories of flagella (prokaryotes)

Answer 47

- Monotrichous (1) - Lophotrichous (tuft/group at 1 end) - Amphitrichous (2 total with 1 at each pole) - Peritrichous (flagella all over) - Atrichous (no flagella)

Question 48

What are fimbriae/pili?

Answer 48

Hair-like structures that aid in attachment, biofilm formation, motility, and DNA transfer

Question 49

What is the function of glycocalyx?

Answer 49

Aids in attachment, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity and protection/resistance

Question 50

What is in the outer membrane of a G- cell wall? (3)

Answer 50

Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, porin proteins

Question 51

What is the formation between strands of PG?

Answer 51

Crosslink (PBP binds together)

Question 52

What is the PG's subunits making up its backbone?

Answer 52

NAM, NAG