final exam Flashcards
what are some characteristics of vulnerable populations
higher risk of adverse effects
higher mortality rates
less access to healthcare
uninsured
diminished quality of life
what is differential vulnerability
the effect of stressful events on individuals
e.g. losing a loved one
examples of social capital
marital status
family structure
social networks
memberships
examples of human capital
education
job training
income
housing
isolation increases the risk for_____,______,&________
vulnerability
morbidity
mortality
root causes of vulnerable populations
socioeconomic status/poverty
insurance coverage?
race & ethnicity
how does lack of insurance contribute to health vulnerability
lack of preventative measures/screenings
delay in treatment
often not vaccinated
how does race/ethnicity contribute to health vulnerability
decreased access to housing, jobs, and resources
increased stressors
educational barriers
social determinants are conditions that affect the….
the health of individuals such as where they live, work, etc
it may affect the morbidity and mortality also
socioeconomic gradient refers to
the relationship between the social class/income and health
increased income=decreased morbidity and mortality
what are health disparities
unequal distribution of disease and health conditions
what are some causes of hearing loss
occupational noise exposure
attending loud events without ear protection
firearms
old age
vestibulocochlear nerve impairment at birth
what is the leading cause of disability
arthritis– it affects 25% if the people in the US
what are hearing loss nursing interventions
education is priority
screenings
provide resources
advocate for your patient
arthritis is most common in _____
arthritis increases your risk for_____
women
increases your risk for chronic health conditions
what impact does having arthritis have on a person’s life
-pain, disability, premature death
-have a higher risk of developing other chronic disease like heart disease or diabetes
-leading cause of work disability
-expensive treatment
how is arthritis pain managed
surgery
physical therapy
pain meds
what is the safest form of arthritis t/x
healthy people 2030’s goal is for people with arthritis to increase their physical activity
what are the effects of teen alcohol abuse
-poor/failing grades
-social issues like fights
-legal concerns like DUI or MIP
-health concerns like hangovers, alcohol poisoning, cancer, high BP, brain damage, liver disease
what are brief interventions
primary care physicians and/or
other trained health professionals have one or two behavioral therapy sessions with an adolescent who is using substances
-motivation
-education
why are brief interventions successful
they are successful because they can be implemented into schools, primary health clinics, ER, and outpatient behavioral health centers
what population is most affected by colorectal cancer
african americans
where does colorectal cancer grow
lower part of the digestive tracts
colorectal cancer barriers and challenges
limited access to healthcare
lack of education
feeling uncomfortable
fear of negative results
what are some barriers experienced by immigrant women
transportation
language
religion
lack of insurance
gender roles
culture
health issues
socioeconomic status
healthy people 2030 purpose
to promote, strengthen, and evaluate the Nation’s efforts to improve the health and well-being of all people
healthy people 2030 goals
-healthy lives free of disease and disability
-eliminate health disparities
-create environments to promote the full potential for health
-promote healthy habits
-leadership
public health nursing functions
-focus on the health of the general public and families
-Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster started the Henry Street Settlement
-NLN required public health content in BSN programs
who started the Henry Street Settlement
Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster
what is primary prevention
preventing it from happening
immunizations, education, counseling
what is secondary prevention
early detection
screenings
what is tertiary prevention
manage pain
treat symptoms
justice
fairness
malefinance
causing harm
nonmaleficence
do no harm
beneficence
doing good; benefiting
autonomy
when the nurse ensures the groups’ involvement in decision-making
veracity
truthful
fidelity
faithful
what is IRB
institutional review board
the IRB must have approval for what
anytime humans are used for research
what is culture
the beliefs, behavior, and values shared by members of society
what are the characteristics of culture
learned from others
similar traits and customs
shared
mostly tact
dynamic
epidemiology triad
host
agent
environment
in the triad who/what is the host
human or animal who harbors the disease causing agent
in the triad who/what is the agent
the factor that causes the disease
in the triad what is the environment
all external factors surrounding the host that may contribute to the host’s vulnerability
incidence
new cases of the specific disease during a period of time
prevalence
all active cases of a disease at a given time
active immunity
long term resistance
natural or artificial
vaccine or if you have had it before
passive immunity
short term resistance
naturally acquired
e.g. mother to unborn baby
herd immunity
level of immunity to a group of people
cross immunity
may be passive or active
exposure to one infection may increase immunity to another
shingles s/s
fever
h/a
chills
upset stomach
blisters (dissemination)
flu vaccine recommended for anyone ages____ and up
6 months and up
flu vaccine is especially needed for what groups of people
healthcare workers
children (esp younger than 2)
pregnant women
asthma or other chronic diseases
how is covid spread
droplet
airborne
contact
most common cause of pneumonia
streptococcus pneumonia
what are sicknesses that can lead to pneumonia
flu
RSV
pneumonia s/s
chills
fever
pleural pain
cough
how is hep A transmitted
fecal/oral
hep A s/s
jaundice
fever
malaise
nausea
abd pain
hep A can result in
chronic liver disease
is there a vaccine for hep A
yes
how is hep B transmitted
blood and body fluids
e.g. unprotected sex and sharing needles
hep B can result in
liver cancer, failure, death
is there a vaccine for hep B
yes
how is hep C transmitted
blood or sex
hep C can result in
liver infection and chronic disease
is there a vaccine for hep C
no
how is HIV/AIDS transmitted
blood and bodily fluids
HIV/AIDS attacks what
the immune system
TB is caused by
mycobacterium tuberculosis
what are the two forms of TB
latent and active
TB s/s
cough
fatigue
loss of appetite
weight loss
night sweats
bloody sputum
chest pain
how is chlamydia transmitted
sex and mother to baby during birth
who is more susceptible for getting chlamydia
women
chlamydia s/s in women
could be asymptomatic
yellow discharge
odor
UTI
flank pain
bleeding between periods
chlamydia s/s in men
could be asymptomatic
urethra inflammation
watery discharge
burning itchy urethra
flank and testicular pain
gonorrhea s/s in women
could be asymptomatic
vaginal discharge followed by bleeding
lesions
gonorrhea s/s in men
purulent drainage
painful urination
lesions
gonorrhea t/x
antibiotics
primary syphilis
chancre appears at entry site
secondary syphilis
lesions appear on hands, feet, and trunk. Other symptoms
include rash, fever, sore throat, fatigue, lymphadenopathy
tertiary syphilis
neurological effects including deafness, cranial nerve palsy,
meningitis or even death
how is syphilis transmitted
contact with lesions
mother to baby
syphilis t/x
penicillin
genital herpes is caused by
herpes simplex type 1 & 2
genital herpes s/s
fever
malaise
lesions
blisters
genital herpes t/x
no cure but you can use antiviral meds to treat the outbreaks
viral warts caused by
HPV
viral warts transmitted how
direct contact or mother to baby
viral warts incubation period
2-3 months
viral warts may lead to
cancer of the anus, cervix, vulva, vagina, or penis
can HPV be prevented
yes with vaccine
what do viral warts look like
flat or raised bumps or like cauliflower
direct transmission
immediate transfer of infectious agents from reservoir to new host
indirect transmission
occurs when the infectious agent
is transported within contaminated inanimate materials such as air, water, or food (vehicle-borne transmission)
examples of diseases transmitted through direct contact
HIV, Hepatitis, herpes zoster (shingles
not disseminated).
examples of diseases transmitted through indirect contact
MRSA, VRE, ESBL, CRE
enteric contact
spread via spores
e.g. C. diff
contact PPE
gloves
gown
droplet PPE
surgical mask
airborne PPE
N-95
neg pressure room
IPREPARE
Investigate potential exposures
Present work
Residence
Environmental concerns
Past work
Activities
Referrals and resources
Educate
examples of therapeutic communication
empathy
focusing
clarifying
giving info
encouraging forming a plan
what are the steps for the communication process
- message
- sender
- receiver
- encoding
- channel
- decode
- feedback loop
windshield survey
things you see in the community like the buildings etc
problem oriented assessment
focuses on the problem and fixing it
leading cause of death in developed countries
ischemic heart disease
leading cause of death in developing countries
lower respiratory infections
green
minor injuries (walking around)
yellow
delayed
red
intermediate
black
dead
category A bioterrorism
highest priority
easily transmitted, highest mortality
e.g. smallpox, anthrax, botulism, and ebola
category B bioterrorism
second highest priority
moderately easy to transmit
high morbidity, low mortality
e.g. ricin toxin, food/water borne
category C bioterrorism
third highest priority
easy to produce; high morbidity/mortality rates
e.g. TB, influenza, rabes, SARS
primary prevention role of CHN during disaster preparedness
risk assessment
planning
communication/transportation
drills
supplies
prevention
breastfeeding recommendation
breastfeed exclusively for the first 6 months and then continued for at least a year
risk factors for SIDS
- side/stomach sleeping
- exposure to cigarette smoke
- premature
- co-sleeping
- sibling who died of SIDS
- bedding in the crib
measles tell tell symptom
koplik spots
how is measles transmitted
airborne
mumps tell tell symptom
severely swollen salivary glands (parotitis)
how is mumps spread
mucus/saliva but there is a vaccine
pertussis aka
whooping cough
is there a vaccine for pertussis
yes you want to get the booster every 10 years
how is pertussis spread
droplets
asthma triggers
overcrowded conditions
air pollution
allergens
smoke
infections
stress
exercise
weather changes
myth of senility
all old people forget
myth of the rocking chair
old people don’t do anything
myth of homogeneity
all old people are the same
myth of inability
old people can’t learn new things
rural barriers to healthcare
transportation
distance from the hospital
limited choices of providers
weather
rural/migrant health concerns
accidents
Tractor Accidents/Rollovers
Machine & Equipment Accidents
Heat Stroke
Animal Injuries
home health nursing challenges
infection control and medication safety—-polypharmacy
hepB can be given to
newborns (the only vaccine newborns are given)
what vaccines are given at 2 & 6 months
DTap
Hib
IPV
PCV13
Hep B
Rotavirus
If 6 mo they can get influenza
what vaccines are given at 4 months
DTap
Hib
IPV
PCV13
Rotavirus
what vaccines are given at 12-15 months
HepA
Hib
PCV13
Varicella
MMR
DTap
what vaccines are given 4-6 years
IPV
DTap
MMR
Varicella
i did my vaccines
what vaccines are given 11-12 years
TDap
HPV (x3)
Meningococcal
what vaccines are given to adults
TDap (every 10 years)
Influenza annually
what vaccines are given to 60-65 year olds
Herpes Zoster
Pneumococcal
Influenza annually
Phizer
What kind of vaccine?
MRNA
Phizer
how old do you have to be
5 and up
Phizer
how many doses
2 doses in 21 days
Phizer
after thawing it must be used within how many days
5 days
Moderna
What kind of vaccine
MRNA
Moderna
how old do you have to be
18 yrs
Moderna
how many doses
2 doses in 28 days
Moderna
stable in the fridge for how long
stable at room temp for low long
fridge-30 days
room temp-12 hrs
Johnson & Johnson
What kind of vaccine?
Vector Virus Vaccine
Johnson & Johnson
how old do you have to be
18 yrs
Johnson & Johnson
how many doses
1 or mlti-dose vial
s/s of physical child abuse
unexplained injuries
withdrawn behavior
depression
frequent absences from school
attempts to hide injuries
fear of coming home
s/s of sexual child abuse
enuresis
nightmares
STI
genital trauma
s/s neglect/emotional abuse
anxiety/depression
speech problems
way too obedient
dirty looking
what is the cycle of violence
honeymoon phase–>tension building–>acute explosion
t/x for opioids
narcan
