FINAL EXAM Flashcards
Which of the following is considered an application of biomechanics?
- space
- animal
- geriatric
all of the above
True/False
Linear kinematics is the description of spatial and temporal components of motion
True
A vector contains _ and direction
magnitude
At the fundamental level we need to quantify the _ and _ characteristics of the movement
temporal and spatial
If a piece of equipment records 50Hz, it equals _
50 samples/second
In order to quantify how far something traveled, we need to know how far it traveled from the _
origin
A vector is a _ line between start and finish
straight
If the slope of the position-time graph is negative, velocity is _
negative
True/False
If the slope of the position-time graph is 0 then the acceleration is constant
True
True/False
A major benefit of using @ velocity method: allows for the velocity-time values to line up
True
Moving in a positive direction and slowing down, the acceleration should be _
negative
A _ is the interval from one event on one leg until the same event on the same leg following contact
stride
True/False
During the normal gait cycle, if a female is walking at 1.14 m/s they are likely to have a gait impairment
True
During the gait cycle, initial contact is responsible for _ of the gait cycle
0-2%
Average gait velocity for a male
1.43 m/s
The _ method for calculating velocity can accurately measure step velocity
between
During projectile motion, the _ velocity is always decreasing from the instant of release
vertical
True/False
During projectile motion, the vertical displacement is always increasing, the vertical velocity is always decreasing and the vertical acceleration is constant at the moment of release
False
What significantly influences time and length
speed
During a shot put, apex is _ contact of the ground
less than
In order to maximize the range of ideal projection angle should be _ degrees
45
True/False
A single degree is equal to 1/360 of a revolution
True
A _ angle describes the orientation of a segment in space
absolute
True/False
1 degree = 1/360 revolution and 1 radian is = to 57.3 degrees
True
Relative angle using the biomechanical angle, assumes anatomical psoition is _
0 degrees
Linear kinetics is the study of the _ of motion in which all the points on the object of interest move through the same displacement in the same time
cause
Force Body Diagram
Vector B - force applied to the body from the ground
Ground Reaction Force
During walking, if the anterior-posterior (AP) forces are symmetrical, then the person is walking at a _ speed
constant
True/False
An impulse can change the momentum of an object
True
True/False
During running, vertical GRF is 2-7x the retrospective persons body weight
False
Impulse changes relative to the _ of an object
momentum
Most important factor when calculating impulse
change in velocity
The force of friction depends upon the coefficient of friction and the _ force
perpendicular
True/False
Dynamic coefficient of friction can be calculated by dividing mediolateral GRF by the vertical GRF
False
Inertia is defined as the _ of an object
resistance
True/False
A human in a tucked position rotating in the transverse plane has less moment of inertia compared to someone who is rotating in the longitudinal plane
False
Eccentric (off-centered) forces have a tendency to cause _ and _ motion
linear and rotational
Which bat has the least moment of inertia?
Bat B - donut is closer to person
True/False
Assuming you are calculating for torque, a force applied at an angle will always apply a greater amount of force than a force applied perfectly perpendicular form the line of action
False
Levers can be classified according to the relative positions of the _, effort force, and resistive force
fulcrum
Human actions best describes a 2nd class lever system
calf raise
True/False
The mechanical effort for a lever is calculated by dividing the effort arm by the resistance arm and if the mechanical is >1
True
Muscles usually have a _ effort arm as it inserts close to the axis
small
Power is the product of _ and velocity
flow
The force of muscles are resolved into two components which are the parallel and _ vectors
perpendicular
During a bench press, the total amount of work completed mechanically is _
zero
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work and potential energy is due to _
position
- head in neutral position
- upright torso
- knees tracking over (but not beyond) toes
- feet shoulder width
- weight on heels
- crease of hips below parallel
- string lumbar
the perfect squat
_ muscles in the lumbar spine, hip, abdomen and around the hip and pelvis
29
Upper crossed syndrome: anterior
_ inhibited
_ facilitated
- deep cervical flexors
- SCM / pectoralis
Upper crossed syndrome: posterior
_ inhibited
_ facilitated
- upper trap / levator scapula
- lower trap / serratus anterior
Lower crossed syndrome: anterior
_ inhibited
_ factilitated
- abdominals
- rectus femoris / illiopsoas
Lower crossed syndrome: posterior
_ inhibited
_ factilitated
- thoraco-lumbar extensors
- gluteus min/med/max
_ at the ankle include tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and peroneus tertius, assisted by extensor hallucis longus
dorsiflexors
_ at the ankle are gastrocnemius and soleus, assisted by tibialis posterior, plantaris, peroneus longus, flexor hallucis longus, peroneus brevis, and digitorum longus
plantar flexors
What muscles are responsible for toe flexion?
- flexor digitorum longus
- flexor digitorum brevis
- quadratus plantae
- lumbricals
- interossei
What muscles are responsible for toe extension?
- extensor hallucis longus
- extensor digitorum longus
- extensor digitorum brevis
What muscles are responsible for inversion?
- tibialis posterior
- tibialis anterior
What muscles are responsible for eversion?
- peroneus longus
- peroneus brevis
- assisted by peroneus tertius
What muscles contribute to flexion at the knee?
- the hamstrings,
- assisted by: gracilis, sartorius, popliteus, and gastrocnemius
What muscles contribute to extension at the knee?
The quadriceps muscles
Loads at the knee:
Compression at the _ _ is the _ _ of _ in the _ (Fm) and the _ _ (Ft)
- patellofemoral joint
- vector sum
- tension
- quadriceps
- patellar tendon
Loads at the knee:
With increased flexion at the knee, compression _ because of the _ _ of the force vectors and increased _ requirement in the quadriceps to maintain body position
- increases
- changed orientation
- tension
Need stable hip and stable ankle for a _ _
stable knee
What movements of the femur are facilitated by pelvic tilt?
- posterior
femoral movement: flexion
What movements of the femur are facilitated by pelvic tilt?
- anterior
femoral movement: extension
What movements of the femur are facilitated by pelvic tilt?
- lateral (to opposite side)
femoral movement: abduction
Our musculoskeletal system is based on a principle called _ , in which the muscles and ligaments alternate roles in maintaining tension in a joint
tensegrity
Phases of the gait cycle:
- stance phase = _
- swing phase = _
- 62%
- 38%
Gait cycle:
There are two periods of _ _ in which one extremity is in initial contact and the other one leaves the ground
“double support”
Gait cycle:
At normal walking speed each period of double support occupies _ of the gait cycle which is a total duration of _ of the gait cycle, normally _ is used
- 11%
- 22%
- 20%
Gait cycle:
The body is supported on a single limb for a duration which makes _ of the gait cycle
80%
Gait analysis:
stance phase
- Loading response
- heel strike
- dorsi assist
Gait analysis:
stance phase
- mid stance
- foot flat
- no assist
Gait analysis:
stance phase
- terminal stance
- pre-swing
- heel off
- plantar assist
Gait analysis:
swing phase
- Toe off
- Heel strike
- dorsi assist
Phases of running/sprinting cycle:
stance phase = _
swing phase = _
- 40%
- 60%
- total body structural alignment
- dynamic flexibility and neuromuscular control form a bilateral standing posture
OHS assessment
Squatting requires optimal motion in the ankles, knees, and hips - having the arms elevated overhead
- stresses the musculature surrounding the shoulder complex
- increases the demand placed upon the core stabilizing muscles
To perform the OHS correctly without compensation in structural alignment, one must demonstrate:
- optimal and bilaterally symmetrical dynamic range of motion at each joint (length-tension relationships)
- optimal force-couple relationship (proper recruitment strategies)
OHS solutions table:
Anterior
- Foot
- Compensation: _
- Flexibility exercise: _
- Strength exercise: _
- foot turns out
- calf stretch, hamstring stretch, standing TFL stretch
- single-leg balance reach
OHS solutions table:
Anterior
- knee
- Compensation: _
- Flexibility exercise: _
- Strength exercise: _
- moves inward
- adductor stretch, hamstring stretch, TFL stretch, calf stretch
- Lateral tube walk, ball squat w/adbuction & adduction
- moves outward
- piriformis stretch, hamstring stretch, TFL stretch
- ball squat w/adduction
- ball bridge w/adduction
OHS solutions table:
Lateral
- LPHC
- Compensation: _
- Flexibility exercise: _
- Strength exercise: _
- excessive forward lean
- calf stretch, hip flexor stretch, ball abdominal stretch
- ball squat
- low back arches
- hip flexor stretch, latissimus dorsi stretch
- ball squat, floor bridge, ball bridge
- low back rounds
- hamstring stretch, adductor magnus stretch
- floor cobra, ball cobra, ball back extension
OHS solutions table:
Lateral
- LPHC
- Compensation: _
- Flexibility exercise: _
- Strength exercise: _
- arms fall forward
- latissumus dorsi stretch, pec stretch, SMR thoracic spine
- Floor cobra, ball cobra, squat to row
- forward head
- levator scapula stretch, scalene stretch
- tuck chin, keeping head in neutral position during all exercises
- shoulder elevation
- upper trap stretch, levator scapulae stretch
- floor cobra, ball cobra
OHS solutions table:
Posterior
- LPHC
- Compensation: _
- Flexibility exercise: _
- Strength exercise: _
- asymmetrical weight shift
- adductor stretch (same side), tensor fascia latae stretch, piriformis stretch, hamstring stretch (opposite side)
- gluteus medius (same side), adductor complex (opposite side)
OHS solutions table:
Posterior
- Foot
- Compensation: _
- Flexibility exercise: _
- Strength exercise: _
- foot flattens
- calf stretch, hamstring stretch, standing TFL stretch
- single-leg balance reach, single-leg medial calf raise
- heel raises
- soleus stretch
- single-leg balance reach, single-leg squat
Phases of vertical jumping
- preparation
- takeoff
- airborne
- landing
Phases of vertical jumping:
- flexion of knees and hips
- static, organized spine, extension of shoulders & elbows
preparation phase
Phases of vertical jumping:
- extension of knees and hips, plantar flexion of ankles
- static, organized spine, flexion of shoulders & elbows
takeoff phase
Phases of vertical jumping:
- begins after feet leave the ground
- thoracic extension, maximum extension of hips and knees, plantar flexion of ankles, maximum shoulder flexion & elbow extension
airborne phase
Phases of vertical jumping:
- starts once feet make contact again
- thoracic flexion, hip & knee flexion, ankle dorsiflexion, shoulder & elbow extension
landing phase
