FINAL EXAM Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the following is considered an application of biomechanics?
- space
- animal
- geriatric
A
all of the above
2
Q
True/False
Linear kinematics is the description of spatial and temporal components of motion
A
True
3
Q
A vector contains _ and direction
A
magnitude
4
Q
At the fundamental level we need to quantify the _ and _ characteristics of the movement
A
temporal and spatial
5
Q
If a piece of equipment records 50Hz, it equals _
A
50 samples/second
6
Q
In order to quantify how far something traveled, we need to know how far it traveled from the _
A
origin
7
Q
A vector is a _ line between start and finish
A
straight
8
Q
If the slope of the position-time graph is negative, velocity is _
A
negative
9
Q
True/False
If the slope of the position-time graph is 0 then the acceleration is constant
A
True
10
Q
True/False
A major benefit of using @ velocity method: allows for the velocity-time values to line up
A
True
11
Q
Moving in a positive direction and slowing down, the acceleration should be _
A
negative
12
Q
A _ is the interval from one event on one leg until the same event on the same leg following contact
A
stride
13
Q
True/False
During the normal gait cycle, if a female is walking at 1.14 m/s they are likely to have a gait impairment
A
True
14
Q
During the gait cycle, initial contact is responsible for _ of the gait cycle
A
0-2%
15
Q
Average gait velocity for a male
A
1.43 m/s
16
Q
The _ method for calculating velocity can accurately measure step velocity
A
between
17
Q
During projectile motion, the _ velocity is always decreasing from the instant of release
A
vertical
18
Q
True/False
During projectile motion, the vertical displacement is always increasing, the vertical velocity is always decreasing and the vertical acceleration is constant at the moment of release
A
False
19
Q
What significantly influences time and length
A
speed
20
Q
During a shot put, apex is _ contact of the ground
A
less than
21
Q
In order to maximize the range of ideal projection angle should be _ degrees
A
45
22
Q
True/False
A single degree is equal to 1/360 of a revolution
A
True
23
Q
A _ angle describes the orientation of a segment in space
A
absolute
24
Q
True/False
1 degree = 1/360 revolution and 1 radian is = to 57.3 degrees
A
True
25
Relative angle using the biomechanical angle, assumes anatomical psoition is _
0 degrees
26
Linear kinetics is the study of the _ of motion in which all the points on the object of interest move through the same displacement in the same time
cause
27
Force Body Diagram
Vector B - force applied to the body from the ground
Ground Reaction Force
28
During walking, if the anterior-posterior (AP) forces are symmetrical, then the person is walking at a _ speed
constant
29
True/False
An impulse can change the momentum of an object
True
30
True/False
During running, vertical GRF is 2-7x the retrospective persons body weight
False
31
Impulse changes relative to the _ of an object
momentum
32
Most important factor when calculating impulse
change in velocity
33
The force of friction depends upon the coefficient of friction and the _ force
perpendicular
34
True/False
Dynamic coefficient of friction can be calculated by dividing mediolateral GRF by the vertical GRF
False
35
Inertia is defined as the _ of an object
resistance
36
True/False
A human in a tucked position rotating in the transverse plane has less moment of inertia compared to someone who is rotating in the longitudinal plane
False
37
Eccentric (off-centered) forces have a tendency to cause _ and _ motion
linear and rotational
38
Which bat has the least moment of inertia?
Bat B - donut is closer to person
39
True/False
Assuming you are calculating for torque, a force applied at an angle will always apply a greater amount of force than a force applied perfectly perpendicular form the line of action
False
40
Levers can be classified according to the relative positions of the _, effort force, and resistive force
fulcrum
41
Human actions best describes a 2nd class lever system
calf raise
42
True/False
The mechanical effort for a lever is calculated by dividing the effort arm by the resistance arm and if the mechanical is >1
True
43
Muscles usually have a _ effort arm as it inserts close to the axis
small
44
Power is the product of _ and velocity
flow
45
The force of muscles are resolved into two components which are the parallel and _ vectors
perpendicular
46
During a bench press, the total amount of work completed mechanically is _
zero
47
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work and potential energy is due to _
position
48
- head in neutral position
- upright torso
- knees tracking over (but not beyond) toes
- feet shoulder width
- weight on heels
- crease of hips below parallel
- string lumbar
the perfect squat
49
_ muscles in the lumbar spine, hip, abdomen and around the hip and pelvis
29
50
Upper crossed syndrome: anterior
_ inhibited
_ facilitated
- deep cervical flexors
- SCM / pectoralis
51
Upper crossed syndrome: posterior
_ inhibited
_ facilitated
- upper trap / levator scapula
- lower trap / serratus anterior
52
Lower crossed syndrome: anterior
_ inhibited
_ factilitated
- abdominals
- rectus femoris / illiopsoas
53
Lower crossed syndrome: posterior
_ inhibited
_ factilitated
- thoraco-lumbar extensors
- gluteus min/med/max
54
_ at the ankle include tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and peroneus tertius, assisted by extensor hallucis longus
dorsiflexors
55
_ at the ankle are gastrocnemius and soleus, assisted by tibialis posterior, plantaris, peroneus longus, flexor hallucis longus, peroneus brevis, and digitorum longus
plantar flexors
56
What muscles are responsible for toe flexion?
- flexor digitorum longus
- flexor digitorum brevis
- quadratus plantae
- lumbricals
- interossei
57
What muscles are responsible for toe extension?
- extensor hallucis longus
- extensor digitorum longus
- extensor digitorum brevis
58
What muscles are responsible for inversion?
- tibialis posterior
- tibialis anterior
59
What muscles are responsible for eversion?
- peroneus longus
- peroneus brevis
- assisted by peroneus tertius
60
What muscles contribute to flexion at the knee?
- the hamstrings,
- assisted by: gracilis, sartorius, popliteus, and gastrocnemius
61
What muscles contribute to extension at the knee?
The quadriceps muscles
62
Loads at the knee:
Compression at the _ _ is the _ _ of _ in the _ (Fm) and the _ _ (Ft)
- patellofemoral joint
- vector sum
- tension
- quadriceps
- patellar tendon
63
Loads at the knee:
With increased flexion at the knee, compression _ because of the _ _ of the force vectors and increased _ requirement in the quadriceps to maintain body position
- increases
- changed orientation
- tension
64
Need stable hip and stable ankle for a _ _
stable knee
65
What movements of the femur are facilitated by pelvic tilt?
- posterior
femoral movement: flexion
66
What movements of the femur are facilitated by pelvic tilt?
- anterior
femoral movement: extension
67
What movements of the femur are facilitated by pelvic tilt?
- lateral (to opposite side)
femoral movement: abduction
68
Our musculoskeletal system is based on a principle called _ , in which the muscles and ligaments alternate roles in maintaining tension in a joint
tensegrity
69
Phases of the gait cycle:
- stance phase = _
- swing phase = _
- 62%
- 38%
70
Gait cycle:
There are two periods of _ _ in which one extremity is in initial contact and the other one leaves the ground
"double support"
71
Gait cycle:
At normal walking speed each period of double support occupies _ of the gait cycle which is a total duration of _ of the gait cycle, normally _ is used
- 11%
- 22%
- 20%
72
Gait cycle:
The body is supported on a single limb for a duration which makes _ of the gait cycle
80%
73
Gait analysis:
stance phase
- Loading response
- heel strike
- dorsi assist
74
Gait analysis:
stance phase
- mid stance
- foot flat
- no assist
75
Gait analysis:
stance phase
- terminal stance
- pre-swing
- heel off
- plantar assist
76
Gait analysis:
swing phase
- Toe off
- Heel strike
- dorsi assist
77
Phases of running/sprinting cycle:
stance phase = _
swing phase = _
- 40%
- 60%
78
- total body structural alignment
- dynamic flexibility and neuromuscular control form a bilateral standing posture
OHS assessment
79
Squatting requires optimal motion in the ankles, knees, and hips - having the arms elevated overhead
- stresses the musculature surrounding the shoulder complex
- increases the demand placed upon the core stabilizing muscles
80
To perform the OHS correctly without compensation in structural alignment, one must demonstrate:
- optimal and bilaterally symmetrical dynamic range of motion at each joint (length-tension relationships)
- optimal force-couple relationship (proper recruitment strategies)
81
OHS solutions table:
Anterior
- Foot
- Compensation: _
- Flexibility exercise: _
- Strength exercise: _
- foot turns out
- calf stretch, hamstring stretch, standing TFL stretch
- single-leg balance reach
82
OHS solutions table:
Anterior
- knee
- Compensation: _
- Flexibility exercise: _
- Strength exercise: _
- moves inward
- adductor stretch, hamstring stretch, TFL stretch, calf stretch
- Lateral tube walk, ball squat w/adbuction & adduction
- moves outward
- piriformis stretch, hamstring stretch, TFL stretch
- ball squat w/adduction
- ball bridge w/adduction
83
OHS solutions table:
Lateral
- LPHC
- Compensation: _
- Flexibility exercise: _
- Strength exercise: _
- excessive forward lean
- calf stretch, hip flexor stretch, ball abdominal stretch
- ball squat
- low back arches
- hip flexor stretch, latissimus dorsi stretch
- ball squat, floor bridge, ball bridge
- low back rounds
- hamstring stretch, adductor magnus stretch
- floor cobra, ball cobra, ball back extension
84
OHS solutions table:
Lateral
- LPHC
- Compensation: _
- Flexibility exercise: _
- Strength exercise: _
- arms fall forward
- latissumus dorsi stretch, pec stretch, SMR thoracic spine
- Floor cobra, ball cobra, squat to row
- forward head
- levator scapula stretch, scalene stretch
- tuck chin, keeping head in neutral position during all exercises
- shoulder elevation
- upper trap stretch, levator scapulae stretch
- floor cobra, ball cobra
85
OHS solutions table:
Posterior
- LPHC
- Compensation: _
- Flexibility exercise: _
- Strength exercise: _
- asymmetrical weight shift
- adductor stretch (same side), tensor fascia latae stretch, piriformis stretch, hamstring stretch (opposite side)
- gluteus medius (same side), adductor complex (opposite side)
86
OHS solutions table:
Posterior
- Foot
- Compensation: _
- Flexibility exercise: _
- Strength exercise: _
- foot flattens
- calf stretch, hamstring stretch, standing TFL stretch
- single-leg balance reach, single-leg medial calf raise
- heel raises
- soleus stretch
- single-leg balance reach, single-leg squat
87
Phases of vertical jumping
- preparation
- takeoff
- airborne
- landing
88
Phases of vertical jumping:
- flexion of knees and hips
- static, organized spine, extension of shoulders & elbows
preparation phase
89
Phases of vertical jumping:
- extension of knees and hips, plantar flexion of ankles
- static, organized spine, flexion of shoulders & elbows
takeoff phase
90
Phases of vertical jumping:
- begins after feet leave the ground
- thoracic extension, maximum extension of hips and knees, plantar flexion of ankles, maximum shoulder flexion & elbow extension
airborne phase
91
Phases of vertical jumping:
- starts once feet make contact again
- thoracic flexion, hip & knee flexion, ankle dorsiflexion, shoulder & elbow extension
landing phase
