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PSYCH 350 > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Correlational research

A

investigates relationships between two variables (or more) without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them

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2
Q

Experimental research

A

procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried

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3
Q

Debriefing

A

Fill participants in on what the study was

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4
Q

Deindividuation

A

Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension

occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad

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5
Q

Anonymity

A

contributes to an individual’s loss of self-awareness and loss of concern for self- evaluation within a group setting, enabling the individual to participate in anti-normative or aggressive behavior

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6
Q

Reactance

A

unpleasant motivational arousal that emerges when people experience a threat to or loss of their free behaviors

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7
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

the inability of people to change their own belief even upon receiving new information or facts that contradict or refute that belief

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8
Q

Social Loafing

A

when someone puts in less effort when they’re judged as part of a group

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9
Q

Social Facilitation

A

people show increased levels of effort and performance when in the presence of others—whether it be real, imagined, implied or virtual

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10
Q

Milgram Study

A

Participants shocked innocent people due to the influence of an authority figure making them act against their values

450 was the highest voltage.

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11
Q

Asch Study

A

Participants conformed to a group who said that the wrong line was the longest.

Example of social pressure

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12
Q

Central route of persuasion

A

analyzing facts, conscious, critical thinking when making decisions

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13
Q

Peripheral route of persuasion

A

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness

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14
Q

Self-esteem

A

an overall evaluation of one’s worth or value

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15
Q

Association between religion and prejudice

A

religious people display higher levels of prejudice

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16
Q

Groupthink

A

when a group of individuals reaches a consensus without critical reasoning in an effort to conform

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17
Q

Learned helplessness

A

when a person is unable to find resolutions to difficult situations — even when a solution is accessible because of past failures

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18
Q

Implicit thinking

A

automatic and unconscious attitudes

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19
Q

Explicit thinking

A

deliberate and conscious attitudes

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20
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

a mental conflict that occurs when your beliefs don’t line up with your actions

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21
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors

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22
Q

Heuristics

A

rules-of-thumb that can be applied to guide decision-making based on a more limited subset of the available information

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23
Q

Self-serving bias

A

an individual’s tendency to attribute positive events to their character, but attribute negative results or events to external factors unrelated to themselves and their faults.

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24
Q

Compliance

A

publicly acting with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing

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25
Hindsight bias
allows people to convince themselves after an event that they accurately predicted it before it happened
26
Primacy Effect
an individual's tendency to better remember the first piece of information they encounter than the information they receive later on
27
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
compliance tactic that aims at getting a person to agree to a large request by having them agree to a modest request first
28
Aggression
any violent behavior or attitude towards someone
29
Social aggression
Can be hostile or instrumental
30
Instrumental aggression
being aggressive to get to a means to an end, to get something in return/or a point across
31
Hostile Aggression
any aggressive behavior that is motivated by a desire to hurt someone
32
Frustration-aggression theory
frustration leads to aggression
33
Displacement
taking your anger out on something else unrelated to what made you mad in the first place
34
Factors that contribute to aggressive behavior
- Sleep deprivation - pain - heat - epigenetics and environment - drugs - alcohol
35
Berkowitz Study/Weapons Effect
Participants who were already exposed to weapons were more aggressive due to the mere exposure
36
Social Learning Theory explains aggression
Aggressive behaviors are learned from others
37
Social Scripts
a set of actions that are previously expected by an individual in certain circumstances or contexts
38
What kind of correlation is there between violence/pornography and aggression?
Positive correlation
39
Provocation
action or speech that makes someone annoyed or angry
40
Proximity
functional distance, powerfully predicts liking and leads to closeness
41
Mere exposure
people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them
42
Matching phenomenon
The tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a “good match” in attractiveness and other traits
43
Physical-attractiveness stereotype
The presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well
44
Are healthy marriages free from conflict?
No!
45
Characteristics of people who stay married
- marry after age 20 - do not cohabitate - dated for a long time before marriage - similarly educated
46
How is marriage beneficial to health and happiness
lack of close relationship leads to early mortality
47
Ostracism
when someone is ostracized it has an effect similar to physical pain
48
Mere exposure vs Repeated exposure
novel stimuli that leads to likeness
49
Similarity vs Complentarity
Similarity appears to play a strong role in initial attraction generally and more specifically in terms of personality traits, complementarity of needs and roles also appear to play a strong role in relationship continuation and success in ongoing relationships
50
Mita Study on Mirror Image preference
we prefer the mirror image because we see it all the time
51
How do environmental arousal affect perceived attractiveness?
the more aroused someone was, the more they found the other person attractive (bridge experiment)
52
Reciprocity norm
the social standard that people who help others will receive equivalent benefits from them in return
53
Peace
Not just the absence of conflict but rather it's low levels of hostility and aggression
54
Prisoner's dilemma
It's a non-zero-sum game (both confess two years, one confesses 10 years)
55
Non-zero-sum games
Zero-sum games always produce a net gain of zero, with one party winning and the other party losing, while non-zero-sum games produce a net positive or net loss
56
Social support
being there for somebody
57
What happens when we don't have enough social support?
Loneliness and isolation are linked to higher risk for several mental and physical conditions
58
Main effects social support hypothesis
perceived and tangible support will make you healthier and happier
59
How marriage/companionship contributes to healthier and happier lives?
someone you can rely on, don’t feel alone, life is more manageable
60
Perceived support vs tangible support
perceived support (we think that we will have support based on what we have before tangible support (being given temporal or physical items/support):
61
Emotional support vs esteem support
emotional support (being there for someone, not trying to fix the problem) esteem support (growing someone’s self-esteem, sharing them love, attention, make them feel better about themselves):
62
How reminders of death affect our need to belong
more authentic motivation to achieve their goals Reminder of how important our relationships are
63
How many marriages end in divorce
50%
64
How pets help people cope with stress?
they give non-judgmental support
65
Altruism
thinking about the other person without reciprocity
66
Egoism
being only concerned with yourself
67
How does attitude affect helping behaviors
positive attitude increases helping behaviors
68
How does attribution affect helping behaviors
attributing it to external factors increases helping behaviors
69
How does where you live affect helping behaviors
Smaller towns have increasing helping behaviors
70
How does gender affect helping behaviors
Women helped men and women equally while men helped women more Men help in more dangerous situations
71
Social responsbility norm
tells us that we should try to help others who need assistance, even without any expectation of future paybacks DUTY and OBLIGATION
72
Bystander effect
multiple people around and you see other people around so you don't help someone
73
How to promote altruism?
Being nice to others

PSYCH 350 (10 decks)

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