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PSYCH 350 > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

Correlational research

A

investigates relationships between two variables (or more) without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them

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2
Q

Experimental research

A

procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried

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3
Q

Debriefing

A

Fill participants in on what the study was

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4
Q

Deindividuation

A

Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension

occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad

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5
Q

Anonymity

A

contributes to an individual’s loss of self-awareness and loss of concern for self- evaluation within a group setting, enabling the individual to participate in anti-normative or aggressive behavior

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6
Q

Reactance

A

unpleasant motivational arousal that emerges when people experience a threat to or loss of their free behaviors

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7
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

the inability of people to change their own belief even upon receiving new information or facts that contradict or refute that belief

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8
Q

Social Loafing

A

when someone puts in less effort when they’re judged as part of a group

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9
Q

Social Facilitation

A

people show increased levels of effort and performance when in the presence of others—whether it be real, imagined, implied or virtual

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10
Q

Milgram Study

A

Participants shocked innocent people due to the influence of an authority figure making them act against their values

450 was the highest voltage.

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11
Q

Asch Study

A

Participants conformed to a group who said that the wrong line was the longest.

Example of social pressure

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12
Q

Central route of persuasion

A

analyzing facts, conscious, critical thinking when making decisions

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13
Q

Peripheral route of persuasion

A

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness

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14
Q

Self-esteem

A

an overall evaluation of one’s worth or value

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15
Q

Association between religion and prejudice

A

religious people display higher levels of prejudice

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16
Q

Groupthink

A

when a group of individuals reaches a consensus without critical reasoning in an effort to conform

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17
Q

Learned helplessness

A

when a person is unable to find resolutions to difficult situations — even when a solution is accessible because of past failures

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18
Q

Implicit thinking

A

automatic and unconscious attitudes

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19
Q

Explicit thinking

A

deliberate and conscious attitudes

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20
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

a mental conflict that occurs when your beliefs don’t line up with your actions

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21
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors

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22
Q

Heuristics

A

rules-of-thumb that can be applied to guide decision-making based on a more limited subset of the available information

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23
Q

Self-serving bias

A

an individual’s tendency to attribute positive events to their character, but attribute negative results or events to external factors unrelated to themselves and their faults.

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24
Q

Compliance

A

publicly acting with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing

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25
Q

Hindsight bias

A

allows people to convince themselves after an event that they accurately predicted it before it happened

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26
Q

Primacy Effect

A

an individual’s tendency to better remember the first piece of information they encounter than the information they receive later on

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27
Q

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

compliance tactic that aims at getting a person to agree to a large request by having them agree to a modest request first

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28
Q

Aggression

A

any violent behavior or attitude towards someone

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29
Q

Social aggression

A

Can be hostile or instrumental

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30
Q

Instrumental aggression

A

being aggressive to get to a means to an end, to get something in return/or a point across

31
Q

Hostile Aggression

A

any aggressive behavior that is motivated by a desire to hurt someone

32
Q

Frustration-aggression theory

A

frustration leads to aggression

33
Q

Displacement

A

taking your anger out on something else unrelated to what made you mad in the first place

34
Q

Factors that contribute to aggressive behavior

A
  • Sleep deprivation
  • pain
  • heat
  • epigenetics and environment
  • drugs
  • alcohol
35
Q

Berkowitz Study/Weapons Effect

A

Participants who were already exposed to weapons were more aggressive due to the mere exposure

36
Q

Social Learning Theory explains aggression

A

Aggressive behaviors are learned from others

37
Q

Social Scripts

A

a set of actions that are previously expected by an individual in certain circumstances or contexts

38
Q

What kind of correlation is there between violence/pornography and aggression?

A

Positive correlation

39
Q

Provocation

A

action or speech that makes someone annoyed or angry

40
Q

Proximity

A

functional distance, powerfully predicts liking and leads to closeness

41
Q

Mere exposure

A

people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them

42
Q

Matching phenomenon

A

The tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a “good match” in attractiveness and other traits

43
Q

Physical-attractiveness stereotype

A

The presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well

44
Q

Are healthy marriages free from conflict?

A

No!

45
Q

Characteristics of people who stay married

A
  • marry after age 20
  • do not cohabitate
  • dated for a long time before marriage
  • similarly educated
46
Q

How is marriage beneficial to health and happiness

A

lack of close relationship leads to early mortality

47
Q

Ostracism

A

when someone is ostracized it has an effect similar to physical pain

48
Q

Mere exposure vs Repeated exposure

A

novel stimuli that leads to likeness

49
Q

Similarity vs Complentarity

A

Similarity appears to play a strong role in initial attraction generally and more specifically in terms of personality traits,

complementarity of needs and roles also appear to play a strong role in relationship continuation and success in ongoing relationships

50
Q

Mita Study on Mirror Image preference

A

we prefer the mirror image because we see it all the time

51
Q

How do environmental arousal affect perceived attractiveness?

A

the more aroused someone was, the more they found the other person attractive (bridge experiment)

52
Q

Reciprocity norm

A

the social standard that people who help others will receive equivalent benefits from them in return

53
Q

Peace

A

Not just the absence of conflict but rather it’s low levels of hostility and aggression

54
Q

Prisoner’s dilemma

A

It’s a non-zero-sum game (both confess two years, one confesses 10 years)

55
Q

Non-zero-sum games

A

Zero-sum games always produce a net gain of zero, with one party winning and the other party losing, while non-zero-sum games produce a net positive or net loss

56
Q

Social support

A

being there for somebody

57
Q

What happens when we don’t have enough social support?

A

Loneliness and isolation are linked to higher risk for several mental and physical conditions

58
Q

Main effects social support hypothesis

A

perceived and tangible support will make you healthier and happier

59
Q

How marriage/companionship contributes to healthier and happier lives?

A

someone you can rely on, don’t feel alone, life is more manageable

60
Q

Perceived support vs tangible support

A

perceived support (we think that we will have support based on what we have before

tangible support (being given temporal or physical items/support):

61
Q

Emotional support vs esteem support

A

emotional support (being there for someone, not trying to fix the problem)

esteem support (growing someone’s self-esteem, sharing them love, attention, make them feel better about themselves):

62
Q

How reminders of death affect our need to belong

A

more authentic motivation to achieve their goals

Reminder of how important our relationships are

63
Q

How many marriages end in divorce

A

50%

64
Q

How pets help people cope with stress?

A

they give non-judgmental support

65
Q

Altruism

A

thinking about the other person without reciprocity

66
Q

Egoism

A

being only concerned with yourself

67
Q

How does attitude affect helping behaviors

A

positive attitude increases helping behaviors

68
Q

How does attribution affect helping behaviors

A

attributing it to external factors increases helping behaviors

69
Q

How does where you live affect helping behaviors

A

Smaller towns have increasing helping behaviors

70
Q

How does gender affect helping behaviors

A

Women helped men and women equally while men helped women more

Men help in more dangerous situations

71
Q

Social responsbility norm

A

tells us that we should try to help others who need assistance, even without any expectation of future paybacks

DUTY and OBLIGATION

72
Q

Bystander effect

A

multiple people around and you see other people around so you don’t help someone

73
Q

How to promote altruism?

A

Being nice to others

PSYCH 350 (10 decks)

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