Chapter 10: Aggression

Question 1

Hostile aggression

Answer 1

Aggression that springs from anger; its goal is to injure

Question 2

Instrumental aggression

Answer 2

Aggression that aims to injure, but only as a means to some other end

Question 3

Aggression related to Evolution

Answer 3

aggression is sometimes rooted in basic evolutionary impulses. Throughout much of human history, men especially have found aggression adaptive

Mating-related aggression often occurs when males are competing with other males

Question 4

Aggression related to Neural

Answer 4

brain neural systems in both animals and humans that facilitate aggression

If someone magically cured schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression overnight, violent crime in the U.S. would fall by only 4%

Sleep deprivation reduces activity in the prefrontal cortex, an area of the brain responsible for self-control.

Question 5

Aggression related to Genetics

Answer 5

Neither “bad” genes nor a “bad” environment alone predispose later aggressiveness and antisocial behavior; rather, genes predispose some children to be more sensitive and responsive to maltreatment. Nature and nurture interact.

Question 6

Aggression related to Biochemical

Answer 6

alcohol unleashes aggression when people are provoked

human aggressiveness does correlate with the male sex hormone testosterone

Lack of proper nutrition can lead to violence

Question 7

Aggression related to Group Influence

Answer 7

Groups can amplify aggressive reactions partly by diffusing responsibility

Youths sharing antisocial tendencies and lacking close family bonds and expectations of academic success may find social identity in a gang

Question 8

Frustration-aggression theory

Answer 8

Frustration-aggression theory

Question 9

Displacement

Answer 9

The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally, the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target

Question 10

Relative deprivation

Answer 10

The perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself

Question 11

Social Learning theory

Answer 11

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished

Question 12

Arousal

Answer 12

the state of being activated, either physiologically or psychologically, and is one dimension of our affective response to emotional stimuli.

Question 13

Contributions of pain and heat

Answer 13

hot temperatures and pain increase aggressive motivation and aggressive behavior

Question 14

Media influences

Answer 14

exposure to media violence causes people to become more tolerant of aggressive behavior and to behave more aggressively toward others immediately after exposure

Question 15

Imitation

Answer 15

the reproduction or performance of an act that is stimulated by the perception of a similar act by another animal or person

Question 16

Desensitization

Answer 16

to make (a sensitized or hypersensitive individual) insensitive or nonreactive to a sensitizing agent

Question 17

Social scripts

Answer 17

Culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations

Question 18

Cognitive priming

Answer 18

the idea that exposure to one stimulus may influence a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention.

the influence of aggression in the media and in computer games provides individuals with ‘scripts’ for their responses and behaviour when they perceive an environmental stimulus as aggressive

Question 19

Catharsis

Answer 19

Emotional release. The catharsis view of aggression is that aggressive drive is reduced when one “releases” aggressive energy, either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression