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Kinesiology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Term for when the human body is standing in an upright position, eyes facing forward, feet parallel and close together, and arms at the sides of the body with the palms facing forward

A

Anatomical Position

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2
Q

Term for the same position as the anatomical position, except the palms are facing the person’s body

A

Fundamental Position

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3
Q

This term refers to a location or position toward the midline

A

Medial

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4
Q

This term refers to a location or position farther from the midline

A

Lateral

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5
Q

This term refers to the front of the body or to a position closer to the front

A

Anterior

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6
Q

This term refers to the back of the body or to a position more toward the back

A

Posterior

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7
Q

This term is synonymous with anterior; belly side

A

Ventral

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8
Q

This term is synonymous with posterior; back side

A

Dorsal

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9
Q

This term means away from the trunk when refering to extremities

A

Distal

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10
Q

This term means toward the trunk when refering to extremities

A

Proximal

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11
Q

This term is used to indicate the location of a body part that is above another or to refer to the upper surface of an organ or a structure

A

Superior

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12
Q

This term indicates that a body part is below another or refers to the lower surface of an organ or a structure

A

Inferior

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13
Q

This term is sometimes used to refer to a position or structure close to the head or a person or animal

A

Cranial

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14
Q

This term is sometimes used to refer to a position or structrure close to the feet or the tail of an animal

A

Caudal

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15
Q

This term is used to indicate the location of a body part that is toward the outside of the body

A

Superficial

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16
Q

This term is used to indicate the location of a body part that is toward the inside of the body

A

Deep

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17
Q

Position of a person when they are lying on their back

A

Supine

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18
Q

Position of a person when they are lying on their belly

A

Prone

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19
Q

Term which refers to two, or both sides of the body

A

Bilateral

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20
Q

Term which refers to the opposite side of the body

A

Contralateral

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21
Q

Term which refers to the same side of the body

A

Ipsilateral

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22
Q

A muscle or muscle group that causes the motion

A

Agonist

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23
Q

A muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist

A

Antagonist

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24
Q

Which type of joint motion deals with the relationship of the movement of bones around a joint axis? E.g. Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction

A

Osteokinematics

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25
Q

Which type of joint motion deals with the relationship of joint surface movement? E.g. Roll, Glide, Spin

A

Arthrokinematics

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26
Q

What are the joint motions of the shoulder girdle?

A
  • elevation
  • depression
  • protraction
  • retraction
  • upward rotation
  • downward rotation
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27
Q

What are the joint motions of the shoulder joint?

A
  • Flexion/Extension
  • Abduction/Adduction
  • Medial/Lateral Rotation
  • Horizontal Abduction/Adduction
  • Scaption
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28
Q

What are the joint motions of the elbow joint?

A

Flexion and Extension

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29
Q

What are the joint motions of the wrist joint?

A
  • Flexion/Extension

- Ulnar/Radial Deviation

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30
Q

What are the joint motions of the hand?

A
  • Flexion/Extension of all digit joints
  • Abduction/Adduction of 1st CMC & MCPs 2-5
  • Opposition at 1st CMC
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31
Q

What are the joint motions of the spine and at which area of the spine do these motions occur?

A
  • Flexion/Extension at the C & L Spine
  • Lateral Bending at the C & T Spine
  • Rotation at the C & T Spine
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32
Q

At which point of the spine does the head nod yes?

A

The articulation between the head and C1 (Atlas), AKA the Atlantooccipital (AO) Joint

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33
Q

At which point of the spine does the head shake no?

A

The articulation between C1 and C2 (Axis), AKA the Atlantoaxial (AA) Joint

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34
Q

What joint motions are being performed during forward head posture?

A

The head extends on C1 and C2-7 are flexed

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35
Q

What are the joint motions of the hip joint?

A
  • Flexion/Extension
  • Abduction/Adduction
  • Internal/External Rotation
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36
Q

What are the joint motions of the knee joint?

A

Flexion and Extension

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37
Q

What are the joint motions of the ankle joint?

A
  • Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion
  • Inversion/Eversion
  • Abduction/Adduction
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38
Q

What are the joint motions of the toes?

A
  • Flexion/Extension

- Abduction/Adduction

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39
Q

This type of motion occurs in a more or less straight line from one location to another. All parts of the object move the same distance, in the same direction, and at the same time.

A

Linear Motion

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40
Q

This type of motion occurs in a straight line, such as the motion of a child sledding down a hill or a sailboarder moving across the water.

A

Rectilinear Motion

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41
Q

This type of motion occurs in a curved path that is not necessarily circular, such as the path a diver takes after leaving the diving board until entering the water.

A

Curvilinear Motion

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42
Q

This type of motion occurs when an object moves around a fixed point.

A

Angular Motion

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43
Q

What connects muscles to bone, and what shapes can it take?

A
  • Tendon

- Cylindrical cord or flat band

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44
Q

What are bands of fibrous tissue which connect bone to bone and prevent excessive joint motion.

A

Ligaments

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45
Q

What are small, padlike sacs found around most joints and in areas of excessive friction, such as between tendons and bony prominences. They are lined with synovial membrane and filled with a clear fluid to reduce friction between moving parts.

A

Bursae

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46
Q

What types of tissue make up bone?

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartlaginous
  • Osseous
  • Nervous
  • Vascular
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47
Q

What makes up the hard, dense outer layer of all bones?

A

Compact bone

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48
Q

What makes up the porous and spongy inside portion of bone made up of thin columns and plates called the trabeculae?

A

Cancellous bone

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49
Q

What is the area at each end of a long bone which tends to be wider than the shaft and is osseous in adult bones?

A

Epiphysis

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50
Q

In growing bone, the epiphysis is cartilaginous material called the…

A

Epiphyseal Plate

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51
Q

Where does longitudinal growth occur in long bones due to the manufacturing of new bone?

A

Epiphyseal Plate

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52
Q

What is the main shaft of a long bone called?

A

The Diaphysis

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53
Q

What is the hollow center of the shaft of a long bone called?

A

The Medullary Canal

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54
Q

What lines the medullary canal and is responsible for bone resorption?

A

Endosteum

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55
Q

What are the different types of bones?

A
  • Long Bones
  • Short Bones
  • Flat Bones
  • Irregular Bones
  • Sesamoid Bone
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56
Q

Which law states that “Load intermittently applied to bone stimulates growth”

A

Wolff’s Law (use or lose law)

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57
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Support for soft tissues
  • Movement
  • Protects vital organs
  • Mineral storage
  • Production of blood cells
  • Provide shape
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58
Q

What are the 3 structures of joints?

A
  • Fibrous/Synarthrosis
  • Cartilaginous/Amphiarthrosis
  • Synovial/Diarthrosis
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59
Q

What are the 2 shapes of joints

A
  • Ovoid/Condyloid: 1 side concave & 1 side convex

- Sellar: Both sides have a concave and convex surfaces

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60
Q

What are some examples of Cartilaginous (Amphiarthrodial) Joints?

A

Symphysis Pubis or Intervertebral Joints

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61
Q

What are the components of a Synovial Joint?

A
  • Capsule
  • Synovial Membrane
  • Synovial Fluid
  • Articular Cartilage
62
Q

What is the Concave-Convex Rule?

A
  • If a Convex surface is moving on a Concave surface, the arthrokinematic motion is opposite to the osteokinematic motion
  • If a Concave surface is moving on a Convex surface, the arthrokinematic motion is the same as the osteokinematic motion
63
Q

What are the 3 types of Arthrokinematic Motion?

A

Roll, Glide, and Spin

64
Q

What is the term used to describe how well joint surfaces match or fit?

A

Joint Congruency

65
Q

What is the term used to describe when two joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other, are tightly compressed, and are difficult to distract.

A

Close-packed position

66
Q

Is the patellofemoral joint in the close or open-packed position when fully flexed?

A

Close-packed

67
Q

Is the ankle in close or open-packed position when it is dorsiflexed?

A

Close-packed

68
Q

Is the patellofemoral joint in the close or open-packed position when it is fully extended?

A

Open-packed

69
Q

Is the elbow joint in close or open-packed position when it is fully flexed?

A

Open-packed

70
Q

Is the hip in close or open-packed when it is extended?

A

Close-packed

71
Q

Is the elbow in close or open-packed when it is extended?

A

Close-packed

72
Q

What is the term used to describe when two joint surfaces are incongruent so that further passive separation of the joint surfaces may occur in this position?

A

Open-packed position

73
Q

What are the 3 plantar arches?

A
  • Medial Longitudinal Arch
  • Lateral Longitudinal Arch
  • Transverse Arch
74
Q

What does the Medial Longitudinal Arch connect to and what is its keystone?

A

It runs from the anterior surface of the calcaneous through the talus, navicular, and 3 cuneiforms, to the 1st 3 metatarsals. The talus is the keystone.

75
Q

What does the Lateral Longitudinal Arch connect to.

A

It runs from the anterior surface of the calcaneous, through the cuboid, to the 4th and 5th metatarsals

76
Q

What does the Transverse Arch connect to and what is its keystone?

A

It runs from side to side from the cuboid through the 3 cuneiforms. The second cuneiform is its keystone

77
Q

What are the 3 arches of the palm?

A
  • Proximal Carpal Arch
  • Distal Carpal Arch
  • Longitudinal Arch
78
Q

What forms the Proximal Carpal arch and what is it maintained by?

A
  • It is formed by the proximal ends of the metacarpals and carpal bones
  • It is maintained by the Flexor Retinaculum
79
Q

What forms the Distal Carpal arch?

A

The Metacarpal heads

80
Q

Which direction does the Longitudinal arch run?

A

Perpendicular to the proximal and distal carpal arches. It begins at the wrist and runs the length of the phalanges for each digit.

81
Q

What do the palmar arches contribute to functionally?

A

The different types of grasps

82
Q

Type of contraction in which the length of the muscle does not change

A

Isometric Contraction

83
Q

Type of contraction in which the muscle shortens

A

Concentric Contraction

84
Q

Type of contraction in which the muscle lengthens

A

Eccentric Contraction

85
Q

Type of contraction in which the speed of the motion stays the same for the duration of the contraction

A

Isokinetic Contraction

86
Q

Type of contraction in which the tension stays the same but the length of the muscle changes. Can be concentric or eccentric.

A

Isotonic Contraction

87
Q

Type of contraction which happens when the antagonist muscle contracts at the same time as the agonist muscle.

A

Cocontraction

88
Q

What is a muscle or muscle group called that supports, or makes firm, a part allowing the agonist to work more efficiently.

A

A Stabilizer

89
Q

Which law states that, “An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion”?

A

Newton’s 1st Law of Motion: Law of Inertia

90
Q

Which law states that, “The amount of acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied to an object”?

A

Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion: Law of Acceleration

91
Q

Which law states that, “For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”?

A

Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion: Law of Action-Reaction

92
Q

What is the term used to describe the direction of motion when two different forces are acting in two different directions, but on a common point?

A

The Resultant Force

93
Q

What is the term used to describe the motion which occurs when two or more forces act in different directions, resulting in a turning effect?

A

A Force Couple

94
Q

What is the term used to describe the amount of force needed by a muscle contraction to cause rotary joint motion?

A

Torque (AKA Moment of Force)

95
Q

A muscle is most efficient at moving a joint when the joint is in what position?

A

90 Deg

96
Q

What is the balance point of an object at which torque on all sides is equal. It is also the point at which the planes of the body intersect.

A

Center of Gravity

97
Q

Where is the COG located at in the human body?

A

The midline and anterior to the second sacral segment

98
Q

In regard to levers; what is the distance between the force and the axis called?

A

The Force Arm (FA)

99
Q

In regard to levers; what is the distance between the resistance and the axis called?

A

The Resistance Arm (RA)

100
Q

What happens if the FA > RA

A
  • It is easier to move the weight
  • 2nd Class Lever
  • Mechanical Advantage >1
101
Q

What happens if the RA > FA

A
  • It is harder to move the weight
  • 3rd Class Lever
  • Mechanical Advantage <1
102
Q

What is a 1st class lever used for?

A

Balance

103
Q

What is a 2nd class lever used for?

A

Power

104
Q

What is a 3rd class lever used for?

A

ROM

105
Q

What is the number of times a machine multiplies the force?

A

The Mechanical Advantage

106
Q

What is the formula for Mechanical Advantage?

A

MA= FA/RA

107
Q

What makes an exercise open-chained?

A

When the distal segment of the joint is free to move or the insertion of the muscle moves toward the origin

108
Q

What is the benefit to open-chained therex?

A

Can isolate and strengthen one muscle

109
Q

What makes an exercise close-chained?

A

When the distal segment of the joint is fixed or the origin moves toward the insertion (reversal of muscle action)

110
Q

What is the benefit to close-chained therex?

A

More functional, because it often requires use of supporting muscles

111
Q

What is the term to describe the movement relationship between the shoulder girdle and shoulder joint?

A

Scapulohumeral Rhythm

112
Q

How far can the GH joint move before the scapula starts to move with it?

A

30 Deg

113
Q

What is the scaplohumeral rhythm shoulder to scapula ratio?

A

2:1

114
Q

What are the 3 types of forces?

A
  • Linear
  • Parallea
  • Resultant
115
Q

What is the type of force used when two or more forces are pullin or pushing in the same direction or in the opposite direction with the same force?

A

Linear Force

116
Q

What is the type of force used when two forces occur in the same plane and direction, but there is a counter force in the middle goint the opposite direction?

A

Parallel Force

117
Q

What is the type of force used when two forces are pushing or pulling in two different directions resulting in the object moving in a third direction?

A

Concurrent Force

118
Q

What is the term used to describe when a joint cannot move anymore because the muscle is at it’s shortest position?

A

Active Insufficiency

119
Q

What is the term used to describe when a joint cannot move anymore because the muscle is at it’s longest position?

A

Passive Insufficiency

120
Q

What are the only type of muscles in which active and passive insufficiency can take place?

A

2 joint muscles

121
Q

When does double support take place in gait and for what percentage of the gait cycle does it take place?

A
  • Heel off/Heel strike
  • Toe off/Foot flat
  • 10% of the gait cycle
122
Q

When does single support take place in gait and for what percentage of the gait cycle does it take place?

A
  • When the opposite leg is in swing phase

- 40% of the gait cycle

123
Q

What are the steps in Traditional Gait terminology?

A
  • Heel strike
  • Foot flat
  • Midstance
  • Heel off
  • Toe off
  • Acceleration
  • Midswing
  • Decceleration
124
Q

What are the steps in Rancho Los Amigos Gait Terminology?

A
  • Initial contact
  • Loading response
  • Midstance
  • Terminal stance
  • Preswing
  • Initial swing
  • Midswing
  • Terminal Swing
125
Q

How much of the gait cycle is spent in the Stance Phase?

A

60%

126
Q

How much of the gait cycle is spent in the Swing Phase?

A

40%

127
Q

In what position is the ankle at heel strike?

A

Neutral

128
Q

In what position is the ankle at the beginning of foot flat?

A

15 Deg PF

129
Q

At which stage of the gait cycle is the body at it’s highest position?

A

Midstance

130
Q

In what position is the ankle at the end of heel off?

A

15 Deg DF

131
Q

In what position is the ankle at the end of toe off?

A

10 Deg PF

132
Q

At which stage of gait is the knee at it’s max flexion and to what degree is it flexed?

A

Midswing to 65 Deg

133
Q

At which stage of the gait cycle is the body at its lowest point?

A

Heel Strike

134
Q

What are the terminal nerves of the brachial plexus?

A
  • Axillary Nerve
  • Musculotaneous Nerve
  • Radial Nerve
  • Median Nerve
  • Ulnar Nerve
135
Q

Which nerve roots form the Axillary Nerve and what muscles are innervated by the Axillary Nerve?

A
  • C5, C6
  • Deltoids
  • Teres Minor
136
Q

Which nerve roots form the Musculotaneous Nerve and what muscles are innervated by the Musculotaneous Nerve?

A
  • C5, C6, C7
  • Coracobrachialis
  • Brachialis
  • Biceps Brachii
137
Q

Which nerve roots form the Radial Nerve and what muscles are innervated by the Radial Nerve

A
  • C5-T1
  • Posterior Muscles of the UEs
  • Triceps
  • Wrist Extensors
  • Anconeus
  • Finger Extensors
  • Abductor Pollicis Longus
138
Q

Which nerve roots form the Median Nerve and what muscles are innervated by the Median Nerve?

A
  • C6-T1
  • Anterior Radial side of the UEs (all but 2 of the elbow, wrist, and hand muscles i’ve studied)
  • Both Pronators
  • Flexor Carpi Radialis
  • Flexor Digitorum Superficialis and Profundus
  • Flexor Pollicis Longus and Brevis
  • Abductor Pollicis Brevis
139
Q

Which nerve roots form the Ulnar Nerve and what muscles are innervated by the Median Nerve?

A
  • C8, T1
  • Anterior Ulnar side of the UEs
  • Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
  • Flexor Digitorum Profundus
140
Q

What are the functional characteristics of muscle?

A
  • Irritability: the ability to respond to a stimulus
  • Contractility: the ability to shorten or contract
  • Extensibility: the ability to stretch or lengthen
  • Elasticity: the ability to recoil or return to normal
141
Q

What are the parts of the Central Nervous System?

A
  • Brain

- Spinal Cord

142
Q

What are the parts of the Peripheral Nervous System?

A
  • Cranial Nerves
  • Brachial Plexus
  • Spinal Nerves
  • Lumbosacral Plexus
143
Q

What recieve impulses from other parts of the body and bring them to the cell body?

A

Dendrites

144
Q

What take impulses away from the cell body?

A

Axons

145
Q

What type of impulses do Motor Neurons send from the spinal cord to the periphery

A

Efferent

146
Q

What type of impulses do Sensory Neurons send from the outer body to the CNS?

A

Afferent

147
Q

What are the lobes of the brain?

A
  • Frontal
  • Occipital
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
148
Q

What is the Frontal Lobe of the brain responsible for?

A
  • Characteristics of personality
  • Motor Movement
  • Expressive Speech
149
Q

What is the Occipital Lobe of the brain responsible for?

A
  • Vision

- Recognition or size, shape, and color

150
Q

What are the Parietal Lobes of the brain responsible for?

A
  • Gross sensation; touch, pressure
  • Fine sensation; texture, weight, size, and shape
  • Reading Skills
151
Q

What are the Temporal Lobes of the brain responsible for?

A
  • Centers for behavior
  • Hearing
  • Language
  • Understanding

Kinesiology (6 decks)

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