Exam 1 Flashcards
Motion which occurs in a more or less straight line from one location to another. All parts of the object move the same distance, in the same direction, and at the same time.
Linear Motion
Type of linear motion which occurs in a straight line, such as the motion of a child sledding down a hill, or a sailboarder moving across the water.
Rectilinear Motion
Type of linear motion which occurs in a curved path that is not necessarily circular, such as the path a diver takes after leaving the diving board until entering the water.
Curvilinear Motion
Motion which occurs when an object moves around a fixed point, such as human joint which move around an axis.
Angular Motion
Forces causing movement
Kinetics
Time, space, and mass aspects of a moving system, describing POSITIONS AND MOTIONS of the body
Kinematics
The anatomical position is considered 0 degrees for all joints in goniometry except for which body part/s
The forearms
What position describes the entire body at 0 degrees in goniometry
The Fundamental Position
In descriptive positional terms, what word means “both sides of the body”
Bilateral
In descriptive positional terms, what word means “same side of the body as…”
Ipsilateral
In descriptive positional terms, what word means “opposite side of the body as…”
Contralateral
Type of joint motion which means the joint is bi-planar and bi-axial (the joint can flex/extend AND abd/add)
Circumduction
Define Center of Gravity
It is the intersection of the 3 cardinal planes
What type of bone makes up the hard, dense outer layer of all bones
Compact Bone
What type of bone makes up the porous spongy inside portion made up of thin columns and plates called the trabeculae
Cancellous Bone
Cartlaginous material in long bones where longitudinal growth occurs through the manufacturing of new bone
Epyphiseal Plate
What is the purpose of sesamoid bones
They protect tendons from excess wear. The patella has the additional function of increasing the angle of pull of the quadraceps muscle
What type of bone markings are Foramen, Fossa, Groove, Meatus, and Sinus categorized under
Depressions and Openings
What type of bone markings are Condyle, Eminence, Facet, and Head categorized under
Projections and Processes That Fit Into Joints
What type of bone markings are Crest, Epicondyle, Line, Spine, Tubercle, Tuberosity, and Trochanter categorized under
Projections and Processes That Attach Connective Tissue
What is the name of the membrane that lines the medullary canal
Endosteum
The main shaft of bone is called what
Diaphysis
What are the 2 types of epiphyses found in children
Pressure and Traction
Type of epiphyses located at the end of long bones in children, where they receive pressure from the opposing bone making up that joint, and where growth of long bone occurs
Pressure Epiphyses
Type of epiphyses located wear tendons attach to bone in children and are subjected to a pulling, or traction force
Traction Epiphyses
What are the 3 types of joint structures
- Synarthrosis/Fibrous
- Amphiarthrosis/Cartlaginous
- Diarthrosis/Synovial (Capsule)
What are the 2 shapes of joints
- Ovoid/Condyloid (one side concave, one side convex)
- Sellar (Both sides have concave and convex surfaces)
What are the key characteristics of a diarthrosis/synovial joint
- A capsule
- Synovial membrane (lines capsule)
- Synovial fluid
- Articular cartilage
What type of joint structure connects bone to muscle
Tendon
What type of joint structure pads and protects areas of great friction
Bursa
What are the two joint terms that could be used to describe the symphysis pubis
Amphiarthrosis/Cartilaginous
What join structure surrounds and encases the joint and protects the articular surfaces
Joint Capsule
Joint Accessory Motion or Arthrokinematic motion which happens when bewteen joint surfaces when the connected bones are moved passively
Joint Play
When joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other, are tightly compressed, and are difficult to distract (separate)
Close-packed or Congruent
Name and describe the joint motions
Traction: bones of the joint are pulled apart
Compression: bones of the joint are pushed together
Shearing: bones of the joint glide across each other
Name and desccribe the different types of Diarthrodial/Synovial Joints
Plane: Nonaxial, Gliding motion. Ex. Carpals
Hinge: Uniaxial, Flex/Ext. Ex. Elbow, Knee, PIP, DIP
Pivot: Uniaxial, Rotate. Ex. Radius/Ulna, Axis/Atlas
Condyloid: Biaxial, Flex/Ext, Abd/Add. Ex. Wrist, MCPs
Saddle: Biaxial, Flex/Ext, Abd/Add. Ex. First MCP
Ball and Socket: Triaxial, Flex/Ext, Abd/Add, Rotate. Ex. Shoulder, Hip
Joint surfaces pull apart from one another
Traction Force causes Joint Distraction
Joint surfaces are pushed closer together
Compression Force causes Joint Approximation
Joint surface action of GH Abduction
Shearing Force causes Gliding Motion
Joint surface action caused when an other than vertical force causes compression on the concave side and distraction on the convex side
Bending
Joint twisting motion
Torsion
Deals with forces CAUSING movement in a system
-Pushing, pulling forces: Gravity and Torque
Kinetics
Deals with forces involved in time, space, and mass aspects of a moving system
- osteokinematics
- arthrokinematics
Kinematics
Type of force which describes magnitude
- Length, area, volume, and weight
- Ex. 5 feet, 2 acres, 12 ounces, and 150 pounds
Scalar Force
Typr of force which describes both magnitude and direction
- Ex. person pulling a rope
- tenson on rope = magnitude
- direction of rope = direction of vector
Vector Force
Tendency of force to produce rotation about an axis
Torque
Force developed by two surfaces
-tends to prevent motion of one surface across another
Friction
An object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends to stay in motion
Newton’s 1st Law of Motion: Law of Inertia
The amount of acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied to an object
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion: Law of Acceleration
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion: Law of Action/Reaction
When two or more forces are acting along the same line or plane
Linear Force
When two forces occur in the same plane and direction with a counter force in the middle but in the opposite direction
Parallel Force
Net effect of two divergent forces
-Ex. of one person pulling on the south end of a box and the other person pulling on the east end of the same box
Resultant Force
When an object is in a position that to disturb it would require its center of gravity to be raised
Stable
When only a slight force is needed to disturb an object
Unstable
When an object’s center of gravity is neither raised nor lowered when it is disturbed
Neutral
Tip to remembering lever classes
1-2-3 = A-R-F
- A = Axis
- R = Resistance
- F = Force
Describe a First Class Lever
- Axis is between the resistance and the force
- Designed for balance
- Ex. Head sitting on C1
- Axis = C1
- Resistance = Weight of head pulling forward
- Force = Muscles in neck holding head up
- Ex. Head sitting on C1
Describe a Second Class Lever
- Resistance between the axis and force
- Designed for power
- Ex. action of the plantar flexors when on tiptoes
- Axis = MTPs in the foot
- Resistance = body weight in mid foot
- Force = plantar flexor muscles
- Ex. action of the plantar flexors when on tiptoes
Describe a Third Class Lever
- Force between the axis and resistance
- Designed for ROM
- Ex. Elbow flexion
- Axis = elbow joint
- Resistance = weight of forearm and hand
- Force = Biceps insertion in proximal radius, distal to the elbow joint
- Ex. Elbow flexion
Relationship between the force arm and the resistance arm
Mechanical Advantage
What is the formula for Mechanical Advantage
Mechanical Advantage = Force Arm/Resistance Arm
