Exam 5 Flashcards
O, I, A, & N of the Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
O: Sternum and Clavicle
I: Mastoid Process
A: Bilaterally- Flexes Neck
Unilaterally- Laterally Bends Neck, Rotates Neck to Opposite Side
N: Accessory Spinal Nerve (C2, C3)O, I, A, & N of the Scalene Muscles
O: Transverse Process of the Cervicle Vertebrae
I: Ribs 1 & 2
A: Bilaterally- Flexes Neck
Unilaterally- Lateral Bend of Neck to Same Side
N: Lower Cervicle Nerve
O, I, A, & N of the Splenius Capitis (A)
O: Lower Half of Nuchal Ligament, Spinous Processes of C7-T3
I: Lateral Occipital Bone, Mastoid Process
A: Bilaterally- Extends Neck
Unilaterally- Rotates and Laterally Flexes neck to Same Side
N: Middle and Lower Cervicle Nerves
O, I, A, & N of the Splenius Capitis (B)
O: Spinous Processes of T3-T6
I: Transverse Processes of C1-C3
A: Bilaterally- Extends Neck
Unilaterally- Rotates and Laterally Flexes Neck to Same Side
N: Middle and Lower Cervicle NervesO, I, A, & N of the Rectus Abdominis
O: Pubis
I: Costal Cartilage of Ribs 5-7
A: Trunk Flexion, Compression of Abdomen
N: Intercostal Nerves 7-12
O, I, A, & N of the External Obliques
O: Lower 8 Ribs Laterally
I: Iliac Crest and Linea Alba
A: Bilaterally- Flexes Trunk, compression of Abdoment
Unilaterally- Lateral Flexion, Rotation to Opposite Side
N: 8-12 Intercostal, Iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves
O, I, A, & N of the Internal Obliques
O: Inguinal Ligament, Iliac Crest, Thoracolumbar Fascia
I: Ribs 10-12, Abdominal Aponeurosis
A: Bilaterally- Trunk Flexion
Unilaterally- Lateral Flexion, Rotation to Same Side
N: 8-12 Intercostals, Iliohypogastric, and Ilioguinal Nerves
O, I, A, & N of the Transverse Abdominis
O: Inguinal Ligament, Iliac Crest, Thoracolumbar Fascia, and Last 6 Ribs
I: Abdominal Aponeurosis and Linea Alba
A: Compression of Abdomen
N: 7-12 Intercostal, Iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nervese
During what kind of activities is the Transverse Abdominis used?
Coughing, Sneezing, Laughing, Forced Expiration, “Bearing Down”
O, I, A, & N of the Erector Spinae
O: Spinous Processes, Transverse Processes, and Ribs from the Occiput to the Sacrum and Ilium
I: Same as origin
A: Bilaterally- Extends Trunk
Unilaterally- Laterally Bends Trunk
N: Spinal NervesO, I, A, & N of the Transversospinalis
O: Transverse Processes
I: Spinous Processes of Vertebrae Above
A: Bilaterally- Extends Trunk
Unilaterally- Rotates Trunk to Opposite Side
N: Spinal NervesO, I, A, & N of the Quadratus Lumborum
O: Iliac Crest
I: Rib 12, Transverse Processes L2-L5
A: Trunk Lateral Bending, Hip Hiking or Elevation
N: T12 and L1 Nerves
What parts of the vertebrae are an attachment for muscles and ligaments?
The Spinous and Transverse Processes
Where is the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament located, what does it do, and where is it thickest and thinnest?
- Located on the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies (running all the way down the spine)
- Prevents excessive Hyperextension
- Thin superiorly and thick inferiorly to fuse with sacrum
What are the main Ligaments of the Spine?
- Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
- Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
- Supraspinal Ligament
- Ligamentum Nuchae
- Interspinous Ligament
- Ligamentum Flavum
- Intertransverse Ligament
Where is the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament located, what does it do, and where is it thickest and thinnest?
- Located on the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies (running all the way down the spine)
- Prevents excessive flexion
- Thick superiorly to help support the skull, and thin inferiorly, which contributes to increased disk injury in lumbar area
Where is the Supraspinal Ligament located?
From C7 to the sacrum, along the tips of the spinous processes
Where does the Interspinous Ligament run?
Between successive spinous processes
What does the Ligamentum Flavum do and where is it located?
- Connects adjacent laminae anteriorly
- Located across the bay from the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Where is the Ligamentum Nuchae located and what does it do?
- Located in the cervical spine only
- Takes the place of the Supraspinal and Interspinal Ligaments
Where is the Intertransverse Ligament located?
Between successive transverse processes
What are the Arthrokinematics of the C-Spine?
Rotation and Side Bending to the Same Side
What are the Arthrokinematics of the L-Spine?
Rotation and Side Bending to the Opposite Side
What are the Arthrokinematics of the T-Spine?
Upper act as C-Spine and Lower act as L-Spine
What type of Joints are the Intervertebral Joints
Amphiarthrosis or Cartilaginous Joints
Which vertebrae is the point at which the head can nod yes?
C1 or Atlas
Which vertebrae is the point at which the head can shake no?
C2 or Axis
Which vertbrae is the point at which the C-Spine can side bend?
C7
What is a general term for compression of the neurovascular structures located between the first rib, the clavicle, and anterior and middle scalene muscles?
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
What is the name for a degenerative disorder of the cervical vertebral structure and function?
Cervical Spondylosis
What is the name for a narrowing of the vertebral canal that houses the spinal cord?
Spinal Stenosis
What is the name for a defect in the pars interarticularis?
Spondylolysis
What is the name for when one vertebrae slips forward in relation to an adjacent vertebrae? Usually in response to a fracture, or giving away, of a defective pars interarticularis.
Spondylolisthesis
What is the name for when the nucleus pulposus bulges through the annulus?
Herniated Disk
What is the name for when a pinched or irritated nerve in the neck causes pain, numbness, or weakness radiating into the chest or arm?
Cervical Radiculopathy
What is the name for a collapse of the anterior (body) portion of the vertebrae due to osteoporosis in the thoracic region?
Compression Fracture
What is the name for the fracture involving C2 due to a forceful, sudden hyperextension of the head?
Hangman’s Fracture
What is the hole or opening in the transverse processes through which the vertebral artery passes
Transverse Foramen
What type of joint are the Facets?
Synovial
In what plane are the facets of the T-Spine?
Frontal (for rotation and lateral flexion)
In what plane are the facets of the L-Spine?
Sagital (for flexion and extension)
In what plane are the facets of the C-Spine?
Triplanar (for all motions)
Which muscle is missing in one-fifth of the population?
The Palmaris Longus
What does the Dorsal Interossei muscle do?
Finger Abduction at the MCPs
What does the Palmar Inerossei muscle do?
Finger Adduction at the MCPs
What does the Lumbricales muscle do?
MCP flexion/ PIP and DIP Extension
What are the ligaments of the elbow?
- Medial Collateral Ligament
- Lateral Collateral Ligament
- Annular Ligament
What is the shape of the Medial Collateral Ligament (Ulnar Ligament), what does it connect to, and what does it do?
- Triangle shape
- Connects medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process, and olecranon process of ulna
- Provides medial stability to elbow
What is the shape of the Lateral Collateral Ligament, what does it connect to, and what does it do?
- Triangle shape
- Connects lateral epicondyle, annular ligament, and lateral ulna
- Provides Lateral stability to elbow
Where is the Annular Ligament located and what does it do?
- Encompasses the radial head and holds it against the ulna
- Keeps the radius and ulna together during pronation/supination (along with the interosseus membrane)
What does the Radial Collateral Ligament attach to and what does it do?
- Attaches to the Radial Styloid process and scaphoid and trapezium bones
- Provides Lateral support to the wrist
What does the Ulnar Collateral Ligament attach to and what does it do?
- Attaches to the Ulnar Styloid process and pisiform and triquetrum bones
- Provides medial support to the wrist
What is the Palmar Radiocarpal Ligament also known as, what is it’s consistency, what does it attach to, and what does it do?
- AKA Floor of the Carpal Tunnel
- Thick, tough ligament
- Attaches to the distal radius and ulna, and the anterior surface of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum
- Limits wrist extension
What does the Dorsal Radiocarpal Ligament attach to and what does it do?
- Attaches to the posterior surface of the distal radius and ulna, and the posterior surface of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum
- Limits wrist flexion, although not as strong as the Palmar Radiocarpal Ligament
What is the TFCC, where is it located, and what does it do?
- Triangular FibroCartilage Complex (Articular Disk)
- Located distally to the ulna, and articulates with the triquetrum and lunate
- Absorbs shock and filler of space
What are the Ligaments of the wrist?
- Flexor Retinaculum
- Palmar Carpal Ligament
- Transverse Carpal Ligament
- Extensor Retinaculum
- Extensor Expansion Ligament
What is the Flexor Retinaculum also known as, and what 2 ligaments make up this main ligament?
- Roof of the Carpal Tunnel
- Palmar Carpal Ligament (Proximally)
- Transverse Carpal Ligament (Distally)
What does the carpal tunnel provide a passageway for?
The long finger flexor tendons and the median nerve
What does the Transverse Carpal Ligament attach to?
The scaphoid and trapezium, and the pisiform and hook of hamate
Which ligament is often cut to relieve symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome?
The Transverse Carpal Ligament
What does the Extensor Retinaculum Ligament attach to and what does it do?
- Attaches to medial ulnar styloid process, triquetrum, pisiform, and lateral side of the radius
- Holds extensor tendons close to wrist
What does the Extensor Expansion Ligament do?
Holds extensor tendons of the fingers close
What are the 2 types of prehension grasps and what are they used for?
- Power Grips: Used when an object needs to be held forcefully while being moved by more proximal joints
- Precision Grips: Used when an object needs to be manipulated
What are the different types of Power Grips?
- Cylindrical Grip
- Cylindrical Grip Variation
- Spherical Grip
- Hook Grip
What are the different types of Precision Grips?
- Pad-to-pad grip
- Pinch grip
- Three-jaw chuch grip
- Pad-to-side grip
- Side-to-side grip
- Lumbrical grip or Plate grip
Describe the Cylindrical Grip
- All fingers flexed around object
- Ex. holding a hammer or the rig for a pull up
Describe the Cylindrical Grip Variation
- 5th finger flexed the most and 2nd finger partly flexed
- Ex. holding a screwdriver or golf club
Describe the Spherical Grip
- All finger tips grasping a round object
- Ex. picking up or unscrewing a jar by its top
Describe the Hook Grip
- 2nd through 5th fingers flexed around an object in a hooklike manner
- Ex. holding a suitcase without the thumb involved
Describe the Pinch grip
-Usually pad of thumb to pad of 2nd digit
Describe the Three Jaw Chuck grip
- Involves the thumb and two fingers
- Ex. holding a pencil
Describe the Tip-to-Tip grip
-Tip of thumb to tip of index finger
Describe the Pad-to-side grip
- The pad of the thumb pressing an object into the radial side of the index finger
- Ex. holding a key
Describe the Side-to-Side grip
- Holding an object between fingers
- Ex. holding a cigarette
Describe the Lumbrical or Plate grip
- Thumb opposes over all four fingers to hold something horizontal
- Ex. holding a plate
What is a common name for Lateral Epicondylitis?
Tennis Elbow
What is a common name for Medial Epicondylitis?
Golfer’s Elbow
What is the most common fracture in children from falling on an outstretched hand and fracturing the humerus just above the condyles?
Supracondylar Fracture
What is the term for a break in the distal radius? A common injury in the elderly.
Colles Fracture
What is the term for when the distal fragment of the wristis displace anteriorly (reverse Colles) due to a fall on the back of the hand?
Smith’s Fracture
How does a Scaphoid Fracture usually occur?
From falling on the outstretched hand of a younger person
What is the term for when the aponeruosis undergoes a nodular thickening and causes ring and little finger contractures?
Dupuytren’s Contracture
What is the term for when the DIP cannot extend?
Mallet Finger
What is the term for inflammation and thickening of the sheath containing the estensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus, resulting in pain on the radial side of the wrist?
De Quervain’s Disease
What is the carrying angle of the elbow?
5-15 degrees valgus
What are abnormal carrying angles of the elbow?
- Cubitus Valgus >15 deg
- Cubitus Varus <5 deg
What is the most common complication following a supracondylar fracture?
Cubitus Varus
What part of the humerus articulates with the ulna?
Trochlea
What part of the humers articulates with the radius
Capitulum
What type of joint is the CMC of the thumb
Saddle Joint
