Exam 2 Flashcards
Occurs when a muscle contracts, producing force without changing the length of a muscle
Isometric Contraction
Occurs when there is joint movement, the muscles shorten, and the muscle origin and insertion move towards each other
Concentric Contraction
Occurs when there is joint motion but the muscle appears to lengthen and the muscle attatchments separate
Eccentric Contraction
Occurs when there is joint motion and the force of the contraction is variable, but the speed at which the joint moves stays the same
Isokinetic Contraction
The length of a muscle when it is not shortened or lengthened. That is, when there are no forces or stresses placed upon it
Normal Resting Length
The muscles ability to respond to a stimulus. This can be a natural stimulus from a motor nerve or an artificial stimulus such as from an electrical current
Irritability
The muscle’s ability to contract and generate force when it recieves adequate stimulation. This may result in the muscle shortening, staying the same, or lengthening
Contractility
The muscles ability to stretch or lengthen when a force is applied
Extensibility
The muscle’s ability to recoil or return to normal resting length when the stretching or shortening force is removed
Elasticity
The point at which a muscle cannot shorten any further
Active Insufficiency
Occurs when a multijoint muscle cannot be lengthened any farther without damage to its fibers
Passive Insufficiency
Describe Aerobic Muscle Type
- Small motor neurons
- Slow twitch (slow to contract)
- Slow to fatigue
- Red (myoglobin rich/oxidative energy system)
Describe Anaerobic Muscle Type
- Large Motor Neurons
- Fast twitch (quick to contract)
- Fast to fatigue
- White (less myoglobin/Glycolitic energy)
What is the CNS
The Central Nervous System, which consists of the brain and spinal cord
What is the PNS
The Peripheral Nervous System which consists of the
- Cranial Nerves
- Brachial Plexus
- Spinal Nerves
- Lumbosacral Plexus
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
- Frontal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
Controls
- Personality
- Motor Movement
- Expressive Speech
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Responsible for
- Vision
- Recognition of size, shape, and color
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
Controls
- Gross sensation (touch and pressure)
- Fine sensation (determination of texture, weight, and size)
Also, is the location of brain activity associated with reading skills
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Center for behavior, hearing, language reception, and understanding
What is the difference between motor and sensory neurons?
- Sensory neurons send Afferent impulses from the outer parts of your body to the CNS
- Motor neurons send Efferent impulses from the spinal cord to the outer periphery
Which 3 cranial nerves are the most significant in terms of their control over certain muscles?
- Trigeminal (V/5)
- Facial (VII/7)
- Spinal Accessory (XI/11)
Name the Trigeminal Nerve’s type and function
Motor & Sensory:
- Sensory: Face Area
- Motor: Chewing Muscles
Name the Facial Nerve’s type and function
Motor & Sensory:
- Sensory: Tongue area
- Motor: Muscles of facial expressions
Name the Spinal Accessory Nerve’s type and function
Motor
-Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
What is a dermatome?
The area of skin supplied with the sensory fibers of a spinal nerve
Which spinal nerves supply the UE Dermatomes with sensory fibers?
C2-T1
What are the UE Peripheral Nerves?
- Axillary Nerve
- Musculotaneous Nerve
- Radial Nerve
- Median Nerve
- Ulnar Nerve
What are the 4 main Sacral Ligaments
- Anterior Sacroiliac Ligament
- Interosseous Sacroiliac Ligament
- Short Posterior Sacroiliac Ligament
- Long Posterior Sacroiliac Ligament
What are the 3 Accessory Sacral Ligaments
- Sacrotuberous Ligament
- Sacrospinus Ligament
- Iliolumbar Ligament
Describe the Anterior Sacroiliac Ligament
- It is a broad, flat ligament, connecting the ala and pelvic surface of the sacrum to the auricular surface of the ilium.
- It holds the anterior portion of the joint together
Describe the Interosseous Sacroiliac Ligament
- It is the deepest, shortest, and strongest of the SI ligaments
- It fills the roughened area above and behind the aricular surfaces of the anterior sacroiliac ligament.
- It connects the tuberosities of the ilium to the sacrum
Describe the Short Posterior Sacroiliac Ligament
- Runs obliquely between the ilium and the upper portion of the sacrum on the dorsal surface
- It prevents forward movement of the sacrum
Describe the Long Posterior Sacroiliac Ligament
- Runs more vertically between the posterior superior iliac spine and the lower portion of the sacrum
- It prevents downward movement of the sacrum
What are the 3 Hip Ligaments
- Iliofemoral Ligament
- Ischiofemoral Ligament
- Pubofemoral Ligament
Describe the Iliofemoral Ligament
- AKA the Y Ligament or Ligament of Bigelow
- From the AIIS it splits and attaches to the intertrochanteric line
- Reinforces capsule anteriorly to limit hyperextension
Describe the Ischiofemoral Ligament
- It attaches on the ischial portion of the acetabulum, crosses the joint in a lateral and superior direction, and attaches on the femoral neck
- Reinforces the joint posteriorly to limit hyperextension and medial rotation
Describe the Pubofemoral Ligament
- It attaches from the medial part of the acetabular rim and superior ramus of the pubis and runs down and back to attach on the neck of the femur
- It spans the hip joint medially and inferiorly to limit hyperextension and abduction
What is an APT in terms of the pelvis?
Anterior Pelvic Tilt, which is when the ASIS moves anterior to the pubic symphysis.
-Causes hyperextension of the L spine and flexion of the hips
What is a PPT in terms of the pelvis?
Posterior Pelvic Tilt, which is when the ASIS moves posterior to the pubic symphysis.
-Causes flextionof the L spine and extension of the hips
What is a Pelvic Hike
When one side of the pelvis is moved superior to the other.
-Causes side bending and hip adduction on the side that is hiked
What is a Pelvic Drop
When one side of the pelvis is moved inferior to the other.
-Causes side bending on the opposite side of the side that is dropped and hip abduction on the side that is dropped
What is Pelvic Rotation
When the pelvis turns to the left or right
-Causes right/left rotation of the spine and Internal/external rotation of the hip
O, I, A, & N of the Iliopsoas Muscle
O: T12-L5 & Iliac Fossa
I: Lesser Trochanter
A: Hip Flexion
N: (Iliacus portion) Femoral Nerve, (Psoas Portion) L2&L3
O, I, A, & N of the Sartorius Muscle
O: ASIS
I: Proximal Medial aspect of Tibia
A: Hip Flexion, Abduction, External Rotation, and Knee Flexion
N: Femoral Nerve
O, I, A, & N of the Piriformis Muscle
O: Anterior Sacrum
I: Greater Trochanter
A: Hip External Rotation
N: L5, S1, S2
O, I, A, & N of the Superior Gemellus Muscle
O: Ischial Spine
I: Greater Trochanter
A: Hip External Rotation
N: Nerve to the Obturator Internus
O, I, A, & N of the Inferior Gemellus Muscle
O: Ischial Tuberosity
I: Greater Trochanter
A: Hip External Rotation
N: Nerve to the Quadratus Femoris
O, I, A, & N of the Obturator Externus Muscle
O: Obturator Foramen
I: Greater Trochanter
A: Hip External Rotation
N: Obturator Nerve
O, I, A, & N of the Obturator Internus Muscle
O: Obturator Foramen
I: Greater Trochanter
A: Hip External Rotation
N: Nerve to the Obturator Internus
O, I, A, & N of the Quadratus Femoris Muscle
O: Ischial Tuberosity
I: Greater Trochanter
A: Hip External Rotation
N: Nerve to the Quadratus Femoris
O, I, A, & N of the Pectineus Muscle
O: Superior Ramus of the Pubis
I: Pectineal Line of Femur
A: Hip Flexion & Adduction
N: Femoral Nerve
O, I, A, & N of the Adductor Magnus Muscle
O: Pubis & Ischium
I: Entire Linea Aspera of Femur & Adductor Tubercle
A: Hip Adduction
N: Obturator & Sciatic Nerve
O, I, A, & N of the Adductor Longus Muscle
O: Pubis
I: Middle 3rd of the Linea Aspera of the Femur
A: Hip Adduction
N: Obturator Nerve
O, I, A, & N of the Adductor Brevis Muscle
O: Pubis
I: Pectineal Line & Proximal Linea Aspera of Femur
A: Hip Adduction
N: Obturator Nerve
O, I, A, & N of the Gracilis Muscle
O: Pubis
I: Anteromedial Surface of the Proximal end of the Femur
A: Hip Adduction
N: Obturator Nerve
O, I, A, & N of the Gluteus Maximus Muscle
O: Posterior Sacrum & Ilium
I: Posterior Femur distal to the Greater Trochanter & Iliotibial Band
A: Hip Extension & External Rotation
N: Inferior Gluteal Nerve
O, I, A, & N of the Gluteus Medius Muscle
O: Outer Surface of the Ilium
I: Greater Trochanter
A: Hip Abduction
N: Superior Gluteal Nerve
O, I, A, & N of the Gluteus Minimus Muscle
O: Lateral Surface of the Ilium
I: Greater Trochanter
A: Hip Abduction & Internal Rotation
N: Superior Gluteal Nerve
O, I, A, & N of the Tensor Fascia Latae Muscle
O: ASIS
I: Lateral Condyle of the Tibia
A: Hip Flexion, Abduction, Internal Rotation, & Knee Extension
N: Superior Gluteal Nerve
What is Coxa Valga?
When the angle of the neck of the femur is >125 deg.
What does Valga mean?
When the distal segment of a joint is positioned outward
What is Coxa Vara?
When the angle of the neck of the femur is <125 deg.
What does Vara mean?
When the distal segment of a joint is positioned inward
What is the Angle of Torsion?
The angle between the shaft and the neck of the femur
What is Anteversion?
When the Angle of Torsion of the Femur is Increased, which causes toes to turn inward.
What is Retroversion?
When the Angle of Torsion of the Femur is Decreased, which causes the toes to turn outward.
