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Pathophysiology > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

1
Q

When medications and cardioversion don’t work to control the arrhythmia, the doctor may recommend a procedure to destroy the area of heart tissue that is causing the erratic electrical signals and restore normal sinus rhythm. Which type of procedure may be performed to destroy heart tissue?

A

Catheter ablation

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2
Q

More than four million Americans suffer from recurrent arrhythmias — an abnormality in the timing or pattern of a person’s heartbeat. If a heartbeat is too fast in the upper chambers, what is it referred as?

A

Atrial tachycardia

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3
Q

The DSM-5 describes a problematic pattern of use of an intoxicating substance leading to clinically significant impairment or distress with 10 or 11 diagnostic criteria (depending on the substance). For an individual to be considered “severe”, how many from the criteria list must be met?

A

six or more

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4
Q

ROSC is a coordinated network of community-based services and supports that is person-centered and builds on the strengths and resilience of individuals, families, and communities to achieve abstinence and improved health, wellness, and quality of life for those with or at risk of alcohol or drug problems. What does ROSC stand for?

A

Recovery Oriented System of Care

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5
Q

Alcohol and other drugs (AOD) abuse and dependence can affect anyone. People between what ages are more likely to use addictive substances?

A

18-25

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6
Q

Which is the most common type of ALS?

A

Sporadic ALS

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7
Q

Many of the body’s autonomic functions are controlled by the medulla. Which of the following is NOT a condition caused by damage to the medulla?

A

Dyspepsia

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8
Q

Degeneration of the anterior horn, the front part of the spinal cord, can cause

A

a. Flaccid paralysis: reduced muscle tone (limp muscles) with weakness or paralysis
b. Muscle wasting (atrophy) and twitching (fasciculation), especially in the upper and lower extremities
c. Breathing problems due to weakness in the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles
Correctd. All of the above

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9
Q

Medical professionals rank asthma based on the frequency and severity of symptoms. How many main types of asthma are there?

A

4

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10
Q

Occupational asthma generally occurs in adults and is caused by breathing in:

A

a. Gases
b. Dust
c. Chemical fumes
Correctd. All of the above

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11
Q

Numerous different stimuli trigger mild to severe attacks in asthmatic patients. These stimuli vary with allergens ranging from

A

a. Animal dander
b. Medications
c. Cold Air
Correctd. All of the above

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12
Q

CAD accounts for approximately how many deaths each year in the United States?

A

600,000

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13
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Lack of oxygen supply

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14
Q

Which type of test might be performed to diagnosis or rule out prostate cancer?

A

Prostatic biopsy

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15
Q

If the patient’s symptoms are tolerable, they might decide to postpone treatment and simply monitor their symptoms. Specific actions and lifestyle changes can be made to help relieve a patient’s BPH symptoms, NOT including:

A

Increase liquid intake, particularly before periods of sleep

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16
Q

What is the median age for being diagnosed with breast cancer?

A

62

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17
Q

Which less common type of breast cancer originates in the blood vessels?

A

Angiosarcoma

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18
Q

Which of the following risk factors put women at a higher risk for breast cancer than other risk factors?

A

Women who have two first-degree relatives who were diagnosed with breast cancer

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19
Q

Which of the following may be experienced as a direct symptom of a cataract that has NOT become hypermature?

A

double vision

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20
Q

There are a variety of different intraocular lens types available for implantation. Which lens type is the most common implanted?

A

Monofocal lens

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21
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding cataracts?

A

Cataracts are considered to be a rapidly progressive condition that cause vision changes instantly.

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22
Q

Which of the following is NOT a symptom commonly seen in women with more advanced cervical cancer?

A

Abdominal bloating

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23
Q

According to the American Cancer Society, if the cancer is only localized and has not spread outside of the cervix or uterus, the 5-year survival rate of women with cervical cancer is:

Keyword: birth year

A

92%

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24
Q

Which of the following statements is untrue about human papillomavirus (HPV)?

A

HPV causes Chlamydia bacteria to grow and spread

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25
Q

According to the ACS, how many people will be diagnosed with colon cancer?

A

104,610

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26
Q

Colorectal cancer is the ___________ most common cancer in the United States.

A

third

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27
Q

According to the ACS, how many people will be diagnosed with rectal cancer?

A

43,340

28
Q

What percent of COPD patient have been exposed to tobacco smoke?

A

80-90%

29
Q

Which of the following are signs/symptoms of Type A: Pink Puffer (Emphysema Predominant)?

A

Major complaint of dyspnea, cough rare, and airflow obstruction ubiquitous

30
Q

Which of the following is NOT common in the later stages of COPD?

A

Asthma Exacerbation

31
Q

Over time, which of the following would individuals with diabetes mellitus become more susceptible to?

A

a. Heart Disease
b. Nerve Damage
c. Stroke
Correctd. All of the above

32
Q

Which of the following is a medication treatment option used for individuals with diabetes to prevent heart and blood vessel disease?

A

a. Low-dose aspirin
b. Blood pressure lowering medication
c. Cholesterol lowering medication
Correctd. All of the above are used

33
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A

Hypoglycemia

34
Q

Anticonvulsants can reduce the severity and number of seizures a person has, and in some people, they eliminate seizures. Which of the following is NOT a common epilepsy medication?

A

Namenda

35
Q

While epilepsy can occur at any age, its onset is most common in children and older adults. What is the leading cause of epilepsy in people over age 35?

A

stroke

36
Q

Which type of treatment is recommended for children with epilepsy?

A

Ketogenic diet

37
Q

If a patient’s BP remains high, their doctor will likely conduct more tests to identify any secondary issues causing the elevated BP and examine the effects high BP may have had on their organs. Which is a test that may be performed?

A

a. ECG (Electrocardiogram)
b. Blood and Urine Test
c. Ultrasonography
Correctd. All of the above

38
Q

Accurate BP readings are essential in monitoring a person’s BP. It is important to use an appropriate-sized arm cuff to ensure the reading is accurate. Which of the following statements is also true regarding BP readings?

A

When taking a BP reading it should be check in both arms to determine if there is a difference

39
Q

Hypertension typically develops over the course of several years, and during this time, many people are often asymptomatic. But even without symptoms, damage to blood vessels and organs occurs. Which of the following is NOT considered specifically effected by hypertension?

A

liver

40
Q

Which of the following medications is considered the first line of defense against IBD symptoms?

A

Anti-inflammatory drug

41
Q

Endoscopic procedures help confirm a diagnosis of IBD, along with imaging studies. Which type of endoscopic procedure is helpful in viewing the large intestine in cases of severe inflammation?

A

Flexible sigmoidoscopy

42
Q

There are many conditions that can cause and increase the risk of kidney failure. Which of the following is the most common cause

A

Diabetes

43
Q

How many Americans have CKD

A

37 mil

44
Q

Leukemia is classified based on its speed of progression and the type of cells involved. Which classification involves the immature blood cells that are released before they are fully functional?

A

Acute leukemia

45
Q

Which of the following symptoms would a physician NOT look for during a physical exam that would be suspicious for lung cancer?

A

Peripheral Edema

46
Q

How many new cases of lung cancer are diagnosed annually?

A

2.1 mil

47
Q

Which is the most common type of NSCLC?

A

Adenocarcinoma

48
Q

MDD is a common illness worldwide, affecting more than ___________ people.

A

322 mil

49
Q

Psychotherapy can be an effective treatment for people with MDD. What does psychotherapy NOT help someone with?

A

Identify issues that contribute to depression and change behaviors that make it better.

50
Q

Low-impact exercise can increase a patient’s endurance and strengthen the muscles around their joint, making it more stable. Which type of exercise can help build muscles around painful joints?

A

Strengthening exercises

51
Q

There are certain factors that can contribute to the increased risk of developing osteoarthritis. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor that increases these chances?

A

Lacking a family history of osteoarthritis

52
Q

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease that causes bones within the joint to rub together. Which of the following deteriorations is NOT a major contributor in the cause of pain in joints?

A

Deterioration of muscle

53
Q

Parkinson’s is a progressive disease, which means symptoms typically worsen over time. Several staging systems exist that divide symptoms into stages. According to the Parkinson’s Disease Foundation which stage characterizes that the patient may be bedridden and experience hallucinations?

A

stage 5

54
Q

Pharyngitis is the medical term for which condition?

A

sore throat

55
Q

The length of the contagious period depends on the underlying condition. How long will a patient with strep throat remain contagious?

A

Until they have been on antibiotics for 24hrs

56
Q

What is usually the cause of pharyngitis?

A

Upper respiratory infection

57
Q

Acute PE has a broad prognostic spectrum, ranging from sudden death within minutes of a thromboembolic episode to a benign treatable condition with a stable clinical course and no long-term sequelae. Approximately what percent of people who develop PE subsequently die from a recurrent embolism?

A

30%

58
Q

Anticoagulant treatment can greatly reduce the mortality rate and lung scan defects. After taking anticoagulants for five days, what percent of lung scan defects resolved?

A

36%

59
Q

Which radiological test that may be performed to help diagnose PE is considered the gold standard of tests?

A

Pulmonary angiography

60
Q

If medications fail to prevent or slow joint damage, surgery may be recommended to repair damaged joints, which may help reduce pain, improve function, and restore the patient’s ability to use their joint. Which surgical procedure immobilizes a joint with fusion of the adjacent bones?

A

Arthrodesis

61
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis is the third most common type of arthritis. It is considered a chronic:

A

Systemic inflammatory disease

62
Q

Hemorrhagic strokes are caused by bleeding into the brain when a cerebral artery leaks or ruptures. What percentage of strokes are ischemic?

A

87

63
Q

Ischemic strokes and TIAs are caused by a blockage or a blood clot. Which type of medication is given to prevent blood clots?

A

Anticoagulant

64
Q

A stroke can cause temporary or permanent disabilities, depending on how long the brain lacks blood flow and which part was affected. What is the condition of one-sided weakness of the body?

A

Hemiparesis

65
Q

Schizophrenia can occur at any age. What is the average age of onset for men?

A

Late teens to early 20s

66
Q

t is imperative that people with schizophrenia work with a trained mental health professional or doctor to find a treatment plan that is easy to maintain and most helpful for them. Ten years after diagnosis, what percent of people are improved to the point that they can live on their own?

A

50%

67
Q

To better understand schizophrenia, symptoms are grouped under categories. If a person was experiencing hallucinations and delusions, what category of symptoms would that be classified under?

A

Positive symptoms

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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