final exam Flashcards
kinesi/o
movement
neur/o
nerves
phasia
speech
paresis
partial paralysis
encephal/o
brain
myel/o
spinal cord
mening/o
meninges
asthenia
strangth
gli/o
gluey substance
esthesia
sensation or feeling
myelin sheath
a protective substance that covers the axons and helps to speed the conduction of nerve impulses
parkinson’s disease
degenerative, slowly progressive deterioration of nerves in the brain stem’s moter system
multiple scelorosis
degenerative inflammatory disease of the central nervous system attacking the myelin sheath
ALS
severe weakening and wasting of the involved muscle groups, caused by decreased nerve innervation of the muscles
cerebral palsy
congenital brain damage that is permanent but not progressive; characterized by lack of control of voluntary muscles
Bell’s palsy
unilateral weakness or paralysis of the muscles in the face
cerebellum
part of the brain that maintains muscle tone and coordinates movement and balance
cerebrum
part of the brain that controls consciousness, memory, sensations, emotions and voluntary movements
epidural hematoma
a collection of blood located above the dura mater and below the skull
aphasia
inability to communicate through speech, writing or signs
syncope
fainting
ataxia
without muscle coordination
analgesia
without sensitivity to pain
hemiplegia
paralysis of one half of the body, left or right side
hyperesthesia
excessive sensitivity to sensory stimuli
paraplegia
paralysis of the lower extremities
dysphasia
difficult speech
craniotomy
surgical incision into the skull or cranium
dyslexia
impairment of the ability to read, letters and words reversed
neuritis
inflammation of a nerve
paresthesia
numbness or tingling sensation
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four extremities and the trunk
neuralgia
nerve pain
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
ALS
amyotrophic lateral scelrosis
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
TENS
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
TIA
trasient ischemic attack
LP
lumbar puncture
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
MS
multiple sclerosis
EEG
electroencephalogram
anencephaly
absence of the brain and spinal cord at bith
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
lumbar puncture
insertion of a hollow needle into the subarachnoid space between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae under strict aseptic technique
huntington’s chorea
inherited neurologicial disease characterized by rapid, jerky, involuntary movements and increased dementia
laminectomy
surgical removal of the bony arches from one or more vertebrae
Babinski’s reflex
reflex tested by stroking the sole of the foot, beginning at mid-heal and moving upward and lateral to the toes
grand mal seizure
an epileptic seizure characterized by sudden loss of consciousness and by generalized involuntary muscle contraction vacillating between rigid body extension and alternating contracting and relaxing of muscles
tic douloureux
short periods of servere pain along the 5th cranial nerve
enter/o
intestine
bucc/o
cheeck
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
pepsia
state of digestion
chol/e
bile
duoden/o
duodenum
col/o
colon
proct/o
anus or rectum
hepat/o
liver
jejun/o
jejunum
lapar/o
abdominal wall
pancreat/o
pancreas
phagia
to eat
odont/o
teeth
gloss/o
tongue
Jaundice
yellow discoloration of the liver
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Borborygmus
audible sound of the abdominal cavity produced by hyperactive peristalsis
anal fistula
an abnormal passageway in the skin near the anus
Crohn’s disease
digestive inflammation causing fever, cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, and anorexia
intussusception
telescoping of a part of the intestine into another portion of the intestine
irritable bowel syndrome
increased motility of the small and/ or large intestine with abdominal pain, flatulence, nausea, anorexia, and the trapping of gas throughout the intestines
thrush
a fungal infection in the mouth and throat creating creamy white patches on the tonuge
Barium Swallow
oral administration of radiopaque contrast medium to view the upper digestive tract
Celiac disease
nutrient malabsorption due to damage to the small bowel mucosa
Ulcerative Colitis
a chronic inflammatory condition resulting in a break in the continuity of the mucous membrane lining of the colon. Characterized by large water diarrheal stool containing mucous, pus, or blood
peptic ulcer
a break in the mucous membrane lining of the stomach as a result of hyperacidity or the presence of the bacteria helicobacter pylori
fundus
the upper round portion of the stomach
pylorus
the lower tubular part of the stomach
pyloric sphincter
regulates the passage of food from the stomach to the duodenum
cardiac sphincter
regulates the passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach
sublingual
salivary gland that is located under the tongue
palate
the structure that forms the roof of the mouth
gallbladder
the pear shaped sac that is on the underside of the liver
3 parts of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
sial/o
saliva
rrhaphy
suturing
eructation
belching
flatulence
air or gas in the intestine that is passed through the rectum
emesis
to vomit
plasty
surgical repair
volvuls
an intestinal obstruction caused by loops of bowel twisting on itself
anastamosis
the surgical connection of two hollow, tubular structure
rugae
folds in the mucous membrane of the stomach
diverticulum
a non- inflamed outpouching or herniation of the muscular layer of the intestine
hemorrhoids
unnaturally distended or swolled veins in the distal rectum or anus
choloecystectomy
the surgicl removal of the gall bladder
colonoscopy
the direct visualization of the colon using a fiberoptic scope
herniorrhaphy
the surgical repair of a hernia by closing the defect with sutures
lavage
the process of washing out an organ, usually the bladder, bowel, paranasal sinuses or stomach
a.c.
before meals
N&V
nausea and vomiting
BE
barium enema
HCI
hydrochloric acid
n.p.o.
nothing by mouth
GI
gastrointestinal
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
acr/o
extremities
aden/o
gland
adren/o
adrenal glands
crine
secrete
dips/o
thirst
glyc/o
sugar, sweet
kal/i
potassium
lact/o
milk
natr/i
sodium
oxy
sharp, quick
ADH antidiuretic hormone
decreases the excretion of urine from the body
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
stimulates normal growth and development of the adrenal cortex and the secretion of corticosterioids
TSH thyroid stimulating hormone
promotes the normal growth and development of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones
OT oxytocin
stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth and the release of milk from the breasts
FSH follicle stimulating hormone
stimulates the secretion of estrogen for the production of eggs and testosterone for the production of sperm
LTH lactogenic hormone
promotes the development of the breasts during pregnancy; also known as prolactin
MSH melanocyte stimulating hormone
controls the intensity of pigmentantion in the skin
LH luteinizing hormone
stimulates female ovulation and secretion of testosterone
GH growth hormone
regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues
hemoglobin A1C Test
blood test that shows the average level of glucose in a patients blood during the last 3 months
thyroid function tests
tests that measure blood levels of hormones T3,T4 and TSH
pancreas
contains the islets of langerhans that produce hormones for the body
progesterone
responsible for changes that occur in the uterus in anticipation of a fertilized ovum
acromegaly
enlargement of the bones of the face, jaw, and extremities due to oversecretion of the pituitary gland after puberty
diabetes mellitus
form of diabetes where the islets of langerhans fail to produce an adequate amount of insulin
diabetes insipidus
type of diabetes most characterized by polydipsia and polyuria
gigantism
excessive size and hight due to oversecretion of the pituitary gland before puberty
gonads
the medical term for sex glands
hypokalemia
elevated potassium levels in the blood
ketoacidosis
acidosis caused by an accumulation of ketone bodies in the body; faulty carbohydrate metabolism
polyuria
excretion of large amounts of urine
goiter
hyperplasia of the thyroid gland
Grave’s disease
hypertrophy of the thyroid gland resulting in excessive secretion of the thyroid hormone; characterized by bulging eyeballs
Cushing’s Syndrome
disorder of the adrenal gland that results in the increased release of cortisol or ACTH
myx/o
relating to mucous
andr/o
man, male
pituitary gland
the master gland that has an anterior and a posterior section
thyroid gland
the gland located below the larynx that helps to control metabolism
pancreas
the elongated gland behind the stomach that has an exocrine as well as and endocrine function
adrenal gland
the two small glands on top of the kidneys that have a cortex and a medulla
IDDM
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
GH
growth hormone
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
DM
diabetes mellitus
FSB
fasting blood surgar
GTT
glucose tolerance test
K
potassium
Na
sodium
VLDL
very-low-density lipoprotein
