Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Cells which act as phagocytes in CNS tissue are called ______
A
Microglia
2
Q
PNS neurons are believed to have a greater regenerative capacity due to the presence of a ____________ around their axons
A
Myelin sheath
3
Q
Delivery of stimulation to a skeletal muscle without allowing for adequate time for complete relaxation before the next stimulus starts results in __________
A
Summing of contraction
4
Q
Movement of the arm or leg away from the body midline describes ________
A
Adbduction
5
Q
A _________ is the functional contractile unit of a skeletal muscle cell or fiber
A
Sarcomere
6
Q
A skeletal muscle cell is unlike other muscle cells in that:
A
Skeletal muscle is striated and never branched
7
Q
Sensory neurons are also referred to as _________
A
Afferent neurons
8
Q
The type of muscle which does not typically exhibit rhythmic contraction is __________
A
Skeletal
9
Q
True or False
Contraction of the circular layer of smooth muscle in walls of the intestine serves to shorten intentional length
A
False
10
Q
The point of attachment of a muscle that moves the least when a muscle contracts would be called the ________
A
Origin
11
Q
________ movement of a body part from anatomical position or a ________ in the angle of a joint is called flexion
A
Forward, decrease
12
Q
The nasal mucosa is a location in which you would specifically find which of the following neuronal types?
A
Bipolar
13
Q
The movement of your elbow joint as you bring your morning coffee cup to your lips from a table that you are seated in front of would be ________
A
Concentric flexion
14
Q
An integral protein which is attached to tropomyosin and serves as a binding site for calcium during muscle contraction is _________
A
Troponin
15
Q
In the process of nerve signal transmission potassium channels open in response to ___________
A
Change in cytoplasmic charge to +30mv
16
Q
Thick filaments within muscle cells are composed of the protein _______
A
Myosin
17
Q
The transport protein _______ carries calcium back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum after passage of the action potential
A
Calsequestrin
18
Q
Myoglobin containing muscle fibers which can sustain longer contractions are called ___________
A
Red fibers
19
Q
The special molecule in muscle that serves as a phosphate store for the recharging of ADP to ATP is ___________
A
Creatine
20
Q
Rotating the palm of the hand to face downward is known as ___________
A
Pronation
21
Q
Wernicke’s area is associated with which of the following?
A
Dictionary or word storage
22
Q
Smooth muscle contraction of the skeletal muscle and balance are associated with this brain structure
A
Celebellum
23
Q
The meningial structure in which cerebrospinal fluid circulates is called the ____________
A
Subarachnoid space
24
Q
The glossopharyngeal nerve is responsible for the complex known as __________
A
Swallowing
25
Forms the blood-brain barrier in screening circulatory materials before they reach neurons describes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Astrocytes
26
Plantar flexion involves \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Movement of the top of the foot away from the anterior surface of the lower leg
27
True or False
A true eccentric contraction can also be described as muscle relaxation
True
28
As a general rule Sympathetic motor nerve tend to ________ activity of various body systems
Increase
29
As a general rule Sympathetic motor nerve tend to ________ activity of various body systems
Increase
**The exception to the rule in the above question is in regard to the _________ system**
Digestive
30
True or False
In the peripheral nervous system bundles of axons are referred to as nerve tracts.
False
31
Functions of the Skeletal System
1. **Support** (It supports and anchors all soft organs of the trunk and extremities)
2. **Protects** (It protects soft tissues and organs in many regions of the body)
3. **Movement** (The skeletal system is the attachment point for skeletal muscls that in turn move bones)
4. **Storage** (Bone is a calcium storage area, 2-4 pounds of Calcium is stored)
5. **Blood cell formation** (Called hematopoiesis)
32
\_\_\_\_ is the hardening of bone
Hydroxyapetite
33
Bone cell formation is called \_\_\_\_
hematopoiesis
34
\_\_\_\_ aids in the absorption of calcium from intestines into blood
Vitamin D
35
Bones are classified according to their \_\_\_\_
shape
36
The normal calcium level is ____ mg/dl
10
37
When the thyroid gland releases calcitonin, ____ activity is inhibited
Osteoblast
38
This is a ____ bone
flat
39
This is a ____ bone
long
40
This is a ____ bone
sesamoid
41
This is a ____ bone
irregular
42
These are ____ bones
short
43
Any bone that is enclosed in a tendon is a ____ bone
sesamoid
44
The head of the femur contains both ____ and ____ marrow
red, yellow
45
\_\_\_\_ marrow stores fat
Yellow
46
\_\_\_\_ marrow is responsible for hematopoiesis
Red
47
Yellow marrow is usually in the \_\_\_\_
center
48
\_\_\_\_ - Bone gets torn down and rebuilt
Remodeling
49
The ____ forms the outer surface of bone
Periosteum
50
The ____ lines the medullary cavity
endosteum
51
Spongy bone is composed of ____ that contain the osteocytes. Red marrow fills in the spaces in some bones.
trabeculae
52
This is a diagram of a ____ bone
flat
53
What are the four bone cell types
1. **Osteocyte** (Maintains bone tissue)
2. **Osteoblast** (Forms bone matrix)
3. **Osteogenic Cell** (Stem cell) (Mesenchyme Cell)
4. **Osteoclast** (Resorbs bone)
54
\_\_\_\_ cells are undifferentiated and develop into osteoblasts
Osteogenic
55
When ____ get trapped within the calcified matrix, their structure and function changes, and they become osteocytes
osteoblasts
56
\_\_\_\_ develop from monocytes and macrophages and differ in appearance from other bone cells
Osteoclasts
57
This is an \_\_\_\_
Osteocyte
58
This is an \_\_\_\_
Osteoblast
59
This is an \_\_\_\_
Osteogenic Cell
60
This is an \_\_\_\_
Osteoclast
61
A ____ is a large, round projection from bone; may be roughened
Tuberosity
62
A ____ is a narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
Crest
63
A ____ is a vey large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
Trochanter
64
A ____ is a narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Line
65
A ____ is a small, rounded projection or process
Tubercle
66
An ____ is a raised area on or above a condyle
Epicondyle
67
A ____ is sharp, slender, often pointed projection of bone
Spine
68
A ____ is any bone prominence
process
69
Peristalsis means \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Rhythmic
70
There are three types of muscle tissue
1) ___________ muscle
2) ___________ muscle
3) ___________ muscle
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
71
The Epimysium gives the muscle \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Shape
72
The Perimysium layer defines \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
fascicles
73
The Endomysium layer is the ____________ in
Last connective tissue layer
74
Functions of muscle include
1) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
4) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
1) Produces movement
2) Maintains posture
3) Stabilizes joints
4) Generates heat
75
The functional unit of a muscle is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_
Sarcomere
76
Skeletal muscle fiber is surrounded by a plasma membrane called the _________ which contains sarcoplasm, the cytoplasm of muscle cells.
Sarcolema
77
In a muscle fiber, the lightest area is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Z line
78
In a muscle fiber the darkest zones are the called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The zones of overlap
79
The terminal cisternae is a sac made of membrane and stores \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Calcium
80
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ permit the conduction of electrical impulses
T-tubules
81
Myosin is the ______ filaments
Thick
82
Skeletal muscle requires a separate ______ supply for every fiber
Nerve
83
When Ach molecules are released, they diffuse across a minute space called the _________ and bind to receptors
Snaptic cleft
84
Action potential is like a ______ consuming a twig
Flame
85
When a sarcomere contracts the _____ lines move closer together and the _____ band becomes \_\_\_\_\_\_. The A band stays the same width. At full contraction, the thin and thick filaments overlap.
Z
I
Smaller
86
Ecentric is also known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Relaxation
87
Concentric is also known as \_\_\_\_\_\_
shortening or contracting
88
Na/K pump is an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
antiporter
89
Opens when a particular chemical neurotransmitter fits into a very specific receptor describes a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Chemical Dependant Channel
90
Opens only when the charge difference across the the membrane becomes -50 mv describes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Voltage dependant channel
91
Opens when a specific chemical neurotransmitter fits into a receptor on the outside of the membrane or when the inside voltage reaches +30mV describes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Potassium channel
92
Skeleton is performed in ____ and fibrious membranes and changes partially into bone before birth, completely changing into bone when about _____ years of age
Hyaline cartilage
25
93
\_\_\_\_ - Hyaline Cartilage replaced with bone
Endochondral ossification
94
\_\_\_\_ - Fibrous membranes are replaced with bone, this is how most of the flat skull bones form
Intramembanous Ossification
95
Blood vessels and nerves enter the bone through the \_\_\_\_
nutrient foramen
96
The steps of Intramembranous Ossification:
1. Msenchymal cells group into clusters and ____ centers form
2. Secreted osteoid traps osteoblasts, which then become \_\_\_\_
3. ____ matrix and ____ form
4. Compact bone develops superficial to the trabecular bone, and crowded blood vessels condense into ____ marrow
1. Ossification
2. osteocytes
3. Trabecular matrix, periosteum
4. red
97
The ____ is responsible for longitudinal bone growth
Epiphyseal plate
98
As a bone matures, the epiphyseal plate progresses into an epiphyseal \_\_\_\_
line
99
Epiphyseal lines are the remnants of ____ in a mature bone
epiphyseal plates
100
Bone density peaks at about ____ years old
30
101
\_\_\_\_ lose bone mass more rapdly
women
102
**Bone Chemistry**
25% \_\_\_\_
60% \_\_\_\_
15% organic
Water
Inorganic (Hydroxyapatite)
Organic (89% callagen, 11% other proteins, .4% lipids)
103
The internal structure of bone is adapted to ____ stresses
mechanical
104
Sarcomeres produce maximal tension when thick and thin filaments overlap between about ________ to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
80% to 120%
105
A single muscle twitch has a _______ period, a ________ period, and a _______ period
Latent, contraction, relaxation
106
The action potential is being propagated along the sarcolemma describes the ______ period
Latent
107
Ca++ ions in the sarcoplasm bind to troponin, tropomyosin moves from actin-binding sites, cross-bridges form, and sarcomeres shorten describes the _________ period
Contraction
108
Tension decreases as Ca++ ions are pumped out of the sarcoplasm and cross-bridge cycling stops describes the ________ period
Relaxation
109
The excitation-contraction coupling effects of successive motor neuron signaling is added together refers to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Wave sumation
110
When the stimulus frequency is so high that the relaxation phase disappears completely, contraction becomes continuous; this is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
tetanus
111
When muscle tension increases in a graded manner that looks like a set of stairs, it is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The bottom of each wave represents the point of stimulus.
Treppe
112
All muscle cross at least one \_\_\_\_\_
joint
113
Typically, the bulk of the muscle lies _______ to the joint crossed
Proximal
114
All muscles have at least ______ attachments
Two
115
Muscle can only \_\_\_\_\_, they never push
Pull
116
During contraction, the muscle insertion moves toward the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
origin
117
During isometric contractions, there is an increase in _________ but no change in length.
Muscle tension
118
A ____ fracture is when separation of bone ends occur
closed
119
An ____ fracture is the most dangerous type of fracture
open
120
A ____ fracture occurs when bones are in pieces. The elderly get this type of fracture a lot
comminuted
121
Children get a ____ type of fracture a lot
greenstick
122
Steps of fracture repair
123
The largest paranasal sinus is the \_\_\_\_
maxillary sinus
124
\_\_\_\_ are a type of joint that bears weight and does composite movement
Symphysis
125
\_\_\_\_ is increased porosity of bone
Osteoporosis
126
\_\_\_\_ is demineralization of bone due to Vitamin D deficiency
Osteomalacia
127
\_\_\_\_ is irregular thickening and softening of bone
Packet's Disease
128
\_\_\_\_ is abnormal lateral curvature of spine
Scoliosis
129
\_\_\_\_ is exaggerated thoracic curvature of spine
Kyphosis
130
\_\_\_\_ is exaggerated lumbar curvature of spine
Lordosis
131
\_\_\_\_ is an inflammation of a joint
Arthritis
132
Herniated Intervertebral Disk - Weaking of the ____ can result in herniation of the nucleus pulposus and compression of a spinal nerve
anulus fibrosus
133
\_\_\_\_ is the passage way by which nine muscle tendons and a major nerve enter the hand from the anterior forearm
Carpal tunnel
134
\_\_\_\_ is scar tissue
pannus
135
\_\_\_\_ are unproperly folded proteins
Prions
136
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is any movement forward from anatomical position (or decrease in angle of a join)
Flexion
137
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is return movement from a flexed position back to anatomical position
Extension
138
Away from body midline describes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Abduction
139
Toward body midline describes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Adduction
140
Internal rotation is rotation toward the _______ of the body
Inside
141
External rotation is rotation ________ the body
Outside
142
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is movement of the top of the foot up
Dorsiflexion
143
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is movement of the foot down
Plantar flexion
144
Inversion is ______ body midline
Toward
145
Eversion is _______ from body midline
Away
146
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are muscles that carry out a major action at a joint
Prime movers
147
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are muscles that have opposite actions at a join
Antagonists (Biceps & Triceps)
148
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are muscles that have similar actions at a joint
Synergists (Brachioradialis)
149
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ hold things together
Fixators
150
The two energy-storing molecules in skeletal muscle are ATP and \_\_\_\_\_\_
Creatine phosphate
151
Energy to resynthesize ATP from ADP comes from _______ which is stored inside the muscle cell
Creatine phosphate
152
The nervous system is composed of ____ and \_\_\_\_
neurons; neuroglia
153
\_\_\_\_ transmit nerve impulses along nerve fibers to other neurons
Neurons
154
\_\_\_\_ are made up of bundles of nerve fibers
Nerves
155
\_\_\_\_ carry out a variety of functions to aid and protect components of the nervous system
Neuroglia
156
\_\_\_\_ at the ends of nerves gather information and convert it into nerve impulses
Sensory receptors
157
\_\_\_\_ Neurons - Carry sensory information to brain
Afferent
158
\_\_\_\_ Neurons - Carry impulse from brain to spinal cord
Efferent
159
The ____ division slows body activity down (Except in the digestive system, it increases it)
Parasympathetic
160
The ____ division increases body activity down (Except in the digestive system, it decreases it)
Sympathetic
161
\_\_\_\_ sensory receptors monitor the outside world and our position in it
Somatic
162
\_\_\_\_ sensory receptors monitor internal conditions and the status of other organ systems
Visceral
163
The structure of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are referred to as ____ and \_\_\_\_
ganglia; nerves
164
\_\_\_\_ cells fill spaces, support neurons, provide structural frameworks, produce myelin, and carry on phagocytosis
Neuroglial
165
\_\_\_\_ form the blood brain barrier
Astrocytes
166
\_\_\_\_ clean up debris and they are phagocytic
Microglial Cells
167
\_\_\_\_ give structure to neurons. Myelin Sheath
Olugodendrocytes
168
Optic ____ = Inside central ns
Optic ____ = Outside central ns
Tract
Nerve
169
\_\_\_\_ cells have one process that includes both the axon and dendrite
Unipolar
170
\_\_\_\_ cells have two processes, the axon and a dendrite
Bipolar
171
\_\_\_\_ cells have more than two processes, the axon and two or more dendrites
Multipolar
172
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or the lactic acid system partially degrades glucose sugar without oxygen to yield energy to convert ADP to ATP and a by-product, lactic acid
Anaerobic glycolysis
173
* Oxygen is used to convert glucose or fatty acids into energy (ATP)
* Myoglobin allows muscles to continue the ______ system much longer
This describes the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Oxygen
Oxygen System
174
Exercise can be divided into two types:
Exercise performed for only a short period of time but muscle expending maximal effort.
During this type of exercise Glycosomes, ______ fibers, Anaerobic respiration, and glucose are all being used
White
175
Exercise can be divided into two types:
Excercise performed for relatively long periods of time but requires submaximal effort.
This type of exercise uses ______ fibers, high numbers of mitochondria, Lipids, and Aerobic respiration
Red
176
Weight lifting uses _______ muscle fibers
Running uses ______ muscle fibers
White
Red
177
All unipolar neurons are sensory ____ neurons
afferent
178
Bipolar neurons are only found in the \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_
eye, ear, olfactory mucosa
179
All motor (efferent) neurons and most interneurons are \_\_\_\_
multipolar
180
\_\_\_\_ matter makes out the outer cortex of the brain
Gray
181
The ____ is the largest division of the brain and has higher mental functioning
Cerebrum
182
The ____ in the brain processes sensory information
Diencephalon
183
The ____ regulates certain visceral activities
Brainstem
184
The ____ cooridinates vountary muscular movement
Cerebellum
185
The ____ is the sensory relay area
Thalamus
186
The ____ controls instinctive behaviors
Hypothalamus
187
The anatomic landmark originally responsible for long bone growth in length is known as the \_\_\_\_
Epiphyseal Disk
188
Production of red blood cells can occur in \_\_\_\_
Red bone marrow
189
Calcium absorption in the intestines is aided by
Vitamin D
190
\_\_\_\_ is not a function of the human skeletal system
Synthesis of thyroxine
191
Osteoclasts can decalcify bone and break down collagen by producing \_\_\_\_
Citric and lactic acids
192
Inadequate vitamin D in the diet results in \_\_\_\_
Osteomalacia
193
The calcium phosphate salt __________ is the hardening agent of the ground substance of bone
Hydroxyapatite
194
A fracture which results in the fragmentation of bone into many segments is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Comminuted fracture
195
Possesses features such as spine, acromion process and coracoid process describes the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Scapula
196
Rheumatoid arthritis is a type of ________ inflammation
Joint
197
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ connects parietal bones
Sutures
198
The elbow joint is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Uniaxial
199
The shoulder joint is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Multiaxial
200
The wrist joint is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Biaxial
201
The type of vertebra which has an axe shaped spinous process is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Lumbar vertebrae
202
The lateral and medial malleolus form a buldge in an area commonly called the \_\_\_\_
ankle
203
An exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine is called \_\_\_\_
Scoliosis
204
The percentage composition of the organic part of bone in the human body is \_\_\_\_
15%
205
Hyperparathyroidism can result in
Increased incidence of organ and ductal stones
Excessive calcium loss from bone
206
The thoracic body cavity is a ___________ body cavity.
Ventral
207
The axis would be classified as a ______ bone while the sternum would be classified as a _______ bone.
Irregular, flat
208
Ribs which articulate indirectly with the sternum are called \_\_\_\_
Vertebrosternal
209
The lateral longitudinal arch is aligned with the \_\_\_\_
Small toe
210
High blood calcium levels are corrected by the
Thyroid Gland
211
Why is calcium important to the body
Muscle conteactions
Nerve impulses
Blood clotting
212
This bone type helps prevent tendon deterioration
Sesamoid bone
213
The basic functional unit of compact bone is called a/an \_\_\_\_
Osteon
214
Long bones increase in width through the process of \_\_\_\_
Appositional growth
215
An extreme weakness of bone associated with decreased hormone levels and an increase in osteoclast activity characterizes which skeletal system disease
Osteoporosis
216
The femur would develop through the process of
Endochondral ossification
217
Which of the following would correctly be classified as a syndesmosis
Distal ulna/radial ligamentous articulation
218
This uniaxial joint is the type exemplified by both the knee and hinge joints of the fingers.
Ginglymus
219
The subtending ligament of a diarthrotic joint would be composed of which of the following tissue
A dense regular connective tissue
220
The term extrapulmonary refers to componets of the airway system that are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
located outside the lung parenchyma
221
The cavity that connects thoracic organs with the neck is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Mediastinum
222
Warms air, humidifies air, filters air are all functions of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
nasal cavity
223
Hemorrhaging of the nasal capillaries is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Epistaxis
224
The volume of air that never leaves the lungs is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
residual volume
225
Filtration of air by the respiratory system is due largely to the presence of what structure on mucosal membrane cells is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Cilia
226
High up in the nasal cavity is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Superior nasal conchae
227
Posterior and inferior to internal nares is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Pharyngeal tonsil
228
Rises during deglution is the \_\_\_\_\_\_
Soft palate
229
Between vocal folds is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Glottis
230
Moves food around during mastication is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Tongue
231
The olefactory region is located \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
High up in the nasal cavity, just below the ethmoid bone
232
Epistaxis can be a symptom of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Hypertension
233
Which type of connective tissues make up the plates forming the larynx \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Hyaline and elastic cartilage
234
True or False
Pitch of the voice (high or low quality of sound) is due to the amount of air passing over the vocal folds
False
235
Tension of the true vocal folds is controlled by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A pulling on them by muscles controlling the arytenoid cartilages
236
What is most likely the function of the false vocal folds?
To protect the true vocal folds
237
Symptoms of a bilateral paradoxical paralysis of the true vocal folds are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Score throat, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath
238
A _________ normally lines the trachea
A pseudostratified ciliated columnar
239
True or False
Gobet cells are located within the lining of the trachea and nasal cavity
True
240
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is responsible for controlling constriction or dilation of the trachea
Trachealis muscle
241
Correctly list progression of elements of the bronchial tree in decreasing order
Trachea
Tertiary bronchiole
Bronchioles
alveolar duct
