Final Exam Flashcards
Cells which act as phagocytes in CNS tissue are called ______
Microglia
PNS neurons are believed to have a greater regenerative capacity due to the presence of a ____________ around their axons
Myelin sheath
Delivery of stimulation to a skeletal muscle without allowing for adequate time for complete relaxation before the next stimulus starts results in __________
Summing of contraction
Movement of the arm or leg away from the body midline describes ________
Adbduction
A _________ is the functional contractile unit of a skeletal muscle cell or fiber
Sarcomere
A skeletal muscle cell is unlike other muscle cells in that:
Skeletal muscle is striated and never branched
Sensory neurons are also referred to as _________
Afferent neurons
The type of muscle which does not typically exhibit rhythmic contraction is __________
Skeletal
True or False
Contraction of the circular layer of smooth muscle in walls of the intestine serves to shorten intentional length
False
The point of attachment of a muscle that moves the least when a muscle contracts would be called the ________
Origin
________ movement of a body part from anatomical position or a ________ in the angle of a joint is called flexion
Forward, decrease
The nasal mucosa is a location in which you would specifically find which of the following neuronal types?
Bipolar
The movement of your elbow joint as you bring your morning coffee cup to your lips from a table that you are seated in front of would be ________
Concentric flexion
An integral protein which is attached to tropomyosin and serves as a binding site for calcium during muscle contraction is _________
Troponin
In the process of nerve signal transmission potassium channels open in response to ___________
Change in cytoplasmic charge to +30mv
Thick filaments within muscle cells are composed of the protein _______
Myosin
The transport protein _______ carries calcium back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum after passage of the action potential
Calsequestrin
Myoglobin containing muscle fibers which can sustain longer contractions are called ___________
Red fibers
The special molecule in muscle that serves as a phosphate store for the recharging of ADP to ATP is ___________
Creatine
Rotating the palm of the hand to face downward is known as ___________
Pronation
Wernicke’s area is associated with which of the following?
Dictionary or word storage
Smooth muscle contraction of the skeletal muscle and balance are associated with this brain structure
Celebellum
The meningial structure in which cerebrospinal fluid circulates is called the ____________
Subarachnoid space
The glossopharyngeal nerve is responsible for the complex known as __________
Swallowing
Forms the blood-brain barrier in screening circulatory materials before they reach neurons describes _________
Astrocytes
Plantar flexion involves _____________
Movement of the top of the foot away from the anterior surface of the lower leg
True or False
A true eccentric contraction can also be described as muscle relaxation
True
As a general rule Sympathetic motor nerve tend to ________ activity of various body systems
Increase
As a general rule Sympathetic motor nerve tend to ________ activity of various body systems
Increase
The exception to the rule in the above question is in regard to the _________ system
Digestive
True or False
In the peripheral nervous system bundles of axons are referred to as nerve tracts.
False
Functions of the Skeletal System
- Support (It supports and anchors all soft organs of the trunk and extremities)
- Protects (It protects soft tissues and organs in many regions of the body)
- Movement (The skeletal system is the attachment point for skeletal muscls that in turn move bones)
- Storage (Bone is a calcium storage area, 2-4 pounds of Calcium is stored)
- Blood cell formation (Called hematopoiesis)
____ is the hardening of bone
Hydroxyapetite
Bone cell formation is called ____
hematopoiesis
____ aids in the absorption of calcium from intestines into blood
Vitamin D
Bones are classified according to their ____
shape
The normal calcium level is ____ mg/dl
10
When the thyroid gland releases calcitonin, ____ activity is inhibited
Osteoblast
This is a ____ bone
flat
This is a ____ bone
long
This is a ____ bone
sesamoid
This is a ____ bone
irregular
These are ____ bones
short
Any bone that is enclosed in a tendon is a ____ bone
sesamoid
The head of the femur contains both ____ and ____ marrow
red, yellow
____ marrow stores fat
Yellow
____ marrow is responsible for hematopoiesis
Red
Yellow marrow is usually in the ____
center
____ - Bone gets torn down and rebuilt
Remodeling
The ____ forms the outer surface of bone
Periosteum
The ____ lines the medullary cavity
endosteum
Spongy bone is composed of ____ that contain the osteocytes. Red marrow fills in the spaces in some bones.
trabeculae
This is a diagram of a ____ bone
flat
What are the four bone cell types
- Osteocyte (Maintains bone tissue)
- Osteoblast (Forms bone matrix)
- Osteogenic Cell (Stem cell) (Mesenchyme Cell)
- Osteoclast (Resorbs bone)
____ cells are undifferentiated and develop into osteoblasts
Osteogenic
When ____ get trapped within the calcified matrix, their structure and function changes, and they become osteocytes
osteoblasts
____ develop from monocytes and macrophages and differ in appearance from other bone cells
Osteoclasts
This is an ____
Osteocyte
This is an ____
Osteoblast
This is an ____
Osteogenic Cell
This is an ____
Osteoclast
A ____ is a large, round projection from bone; may be roughened
Tuberosity
A ____ is a narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
Crest
A ____ is a vey large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
Trochanter
A ____ is a narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Line
A ____ is a small, rounded projection or process
Tubercle
An ____ is a raised area on or above a condyle
Epicondyle
A ____ is sharp, slender, often pointed projection of bone
Spine
A ____ is any bone prominence
process
Peristalsis means ________
Rhythmic
There are three types of muscle tissue
1) ___________ muscle
2) ___________ muscle
3) ___________ muscle
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
The Epimysium gives the muscle _______
Shape
The Perimysium layer defines _________
fascicles
The Endomysium layer is the ____________ in
Last connective tissue layer
Functions of muscle include
1) ___________
2) ___________
3) ___________
4) ___________
1) Produces movement
2) Maintains posture
3) Stabilizes joints
4) Generates heat
The functional unit of a muscle is called the ______
Sarcomere
Skeletal muscle fiber is surrounded by a plasma membrane called the _________ which contains sarcoplasm, the cytoplasm of muscle cells.
Sarcolema
In a muscle fiber, the lightest area is the _______
Z line
In a muscle fiber the darkest zones are the called ________
The zones of overlap
The terminal cisternae is a sac made of membrane and stores ________
Calcium
_______ permit the conduction of electrical impulses
T-tubules
Myosin is the ______ filaments
Thick
Skeletal muscle requires a separate ______ supply for every fiber
Nerve
When Ach molecules are released, they diffuse across a minute space called the _________ and bind to receptors
Snaptic cleft
Action potential is like a ______ consuming a twig
Flame
When a sarcomere contracts the _____ lines move closer together and the _____ band becomes ______. The A band stays the same width. At full contraction, the thin and thick filaments overlap.
Z
I
Smaller
Ecentric is also known as _______
Relaxation
Concentric is also known as ______
shortening or contracting
Na/K pump is an _________
antiporter
Opens when a particular chemical neurotransmitter fits into a very specific receptor describes a ____________
Chemical Dependant Channel
Opens only when the charge difference across the the membrane becomes -50 mv describes __________
Voltage dependant channel
Opens when a specific chemical neurotransmitter fits into a receptor on the outside of the membrane or when the inside voltage reaches +30mV describes ___________
Potassium channel
Skeleton is performed in ____ and fibrious membranes and changes partially into bone before birth, completely changing into bone when about _____ years of age
Hyaline cartilage
25
____ - Hyaline Cartilage replaced with bone
Endochondral ossification
____ - Fibrous membranes are replaced with bone, this is how most of the flat skull bones form
Intramembanous Ossification
Blood vessels and nerves enter the bone through the ____
nutrient foramen
The steps of Intramembranous Ossification:
- Msenchymal cells group into clusters and ____ centers form
- Secreted osteoid traps osteoblasts, which then become ____
- ____ matrix and ____ form
- Compact bone develops superficial to the trabecular bone, and crowded blood vessels condense into ____ marrow
- Ossification
- osteocytes
- Trabecular matrix, periosteum
- red
The ____ is responsible for longitudinal bone growth
Epiphyseal plate
As a bone matures, the epiphyseal plate progresses into an epiphyseal ____
line
Epiphyseal lines are the remnants of ____ in a mature bone
epiphyseal plates
Bone density peaks at about ____ years old
30
____ lose bone mass more rapdly
women
Bone Chemistry
25% ____
60% ____
15% organic
Water
Inorganic (Hydroxyapatite)
Organic (89% callagen, 11% other proteins, .4% lipids)
The internal structure of bone is adapted to ____ stresses
mechanical
Sarcomeres produce maximal tension when thick and thin filaments overlap between about ________ to _______
80% to 120%
A single muscle twitch has a _______ period, a ________ period, and a _______ period
Latent, contraction, relaxation
The action potential is being propagated along the sarcolemma describes the ______ period
Latent
Ca++ ions in the sarcoplasm bind to troponin, tropomyosin moves from actin-binding sites, cross-bridges form, and sarcomeres shorten describes the _________ period
Contraction
Tension decreases as Ca++ ions are pumped out of the sarcoplasm and cross-bridge cycling stops describes the ________ period
Relaxation
The excitation-contraction coupling effects of successive motor neuron signaling is added together refers to ________
Wave sumation
When the stimulus frequency is so high that the relaxation phase disappears completely, contraction becomes continuous; this is referred to as __________
tetanus
When muscle tension increases in a graded manner that looks like a set of stairs, it is called _________. The bottom of each wave represents the point of stimulus.
Treppe
All muscle cross at least one _____
joint
Typically, the bulk of the muscle lies _______ to the joint crossed
Proximal
All muscles have at least ______ attachments
Two
Muscle can only _____, they never push
Pull
During contraction, the muscle insertion moves toward the _______
origin
During isometric contractions, there is an increase in _________ but no change in length.
Muscle tension
A ____ fracture is when separation of bone ends occur
closed
An ____ fracture is the most dangerous type of fracture
open
A ____ fracture occurs when bones are in pieces. The elderly get this type of fracture a lot
comminuted
Children get a ____ type of fracture a lot
greenstick
Steps of fracture repair
The largest paranasal sinus is the ____
maxillary sinus
____ are a type of joint that bears weight and does composite movement
Symphysis
____ is increased porosity of bone
Osteoporosis
____ is demineralization of bone due to Vitamin D deficiency
Osteomalacia
____ is irregular thickening and softening of bone
Packet’s Disease
____ is abnormal lateral curvature of spine
Scoliosis
____ is exaggerated thoracic curvature of spine
Kyphosis
____ is exaggerated lumbar curvature of spine
Lordosis
____ is an inflammation of a joint
Arthritis
Herniated Intervertebral Disk - Weaking of the ____ can result in herniation of the nucleus pulposus and compression of a spinal nerve
anulus fibrosus
____ is the passage way by which nine muscle tendons and a major nerve enter the hand from the anterior forearm
Carpal tunnel
____ is scar tissue
pannus
____ are unproperly folded proteins
Prions
_______ is any movement forward from anatomical position (or decrease in angle of a join)
Flexion
__________ is return movement from a flexed position back to anatomical position
Extension
Away from body midline describes _________
Abduction
Toward body midline describes _________
Adduction
Internal rotation is rotation toward the _______ of the body
Inside
External rotation is rotation ________ the body
Outside
_________ is movement of the top of the foot up
Dorsiflexion
________ is movement of the foot down
Plantar flexion
Inversion is ______ body midline
Toward
Eversion is _______ from body midline
Away
_______ are muscles that carry out a major action at a joint
Prime movers
________ are muscles that have opposite actions at a join
Antagonists (Biceps & Triceps)
_________ are muscles that have similar actions at a joint
Synergists (Brachioradialis)
_______ hold things together
Fixators
The two energy-storing molecules in skeletal muscle are ATP and ______
Creatine phosphate
Energy to resynthesize ATP from ADP comes from _______ which is stored inside the muscle cell
Creatine phosphate
The nervous system is composed of ____ and ____
neurons; neuroglia
____ transmit nerve impulses along nerve fibers to other neurons
Neurons
____ are made up of bundles of nerve fibers
Nerves
____ carry out a variety of functions to aid and protect components of the nervous system
Neuroglia
____ at the ends of nerves gather information and convert it into nerve impulses
Sensory receptors
____ Neurons - Carry sensory information to brain
Afferent
____ Neurons - Carry impulse from brain to spinal cord
Efferent
The ____ division slows body activity down (Except in the digestive system, it increases it)
Parasympathetic
The ____ division increases body activity down (Except in the digestive system, it decreases it)
Sympathetic
____ sensory receptors monitor the outside world and our position in it
Somatic
____ sensory receptors monitor internal conditions and the status of other organ systems
Visceral
The structure of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are referred to as ____ and ____
ganglia; nerves
____ cells fill spaces, support neurons, provide structural frameworks, produce myelin, and carry on phagocytosis
Neuroglial
____ form the blood brain barrier
Astrocytes
____ clean up debris and they are phagocytic
Microglial Cells
____ give structure to neurons. Myelin Sheath
Olugodendrocytes
Optic ____ = Inside central ns
Optic ____ = Outside central ns
Tract
Nerve
____ cells have one process that includes both the axon and dendrite
Unipolar
____ cells have two processes, the axon and a dendrite
Bipolar
____ cells have more than two processes, the axon and two or more dendrites
Multipolar
___________ or the lactic acid system partially degrades glucose sugar without oxygen to yield energy to convert ADP to ATP and a by-product, lactic acid
Anaerobic glycolysis
- Oxygen is used to convert glucose or fatty acids into energy (ATP)
- Myoglobin allows muscles to continue the ______ system much longer
This describes the _________
Oxygen
Oxygen System
Exercise can be divided into two types:
Exercise performed for only a short period of time but muscle expending maximal effort.
During this type of exercise Glycosomes, ______ fibers, Anaerobic respiration, and glucose are all being used
White
Exercise can be divided into two types:
Excercise performed for relatively long periods of time but requires submaximal effort.
This type of exercise uses ______ fibers, high numbers of mitochondria, Lipids, and Aerobic respiration
Red
Weight lifting uses _______ muscle fibers
Running uses ______ muscle fibers
White
Red
All unipolar neurons are sensory ____ neurons
afferent
Bipolar neurons are only found in the ____, ____, and ____
eye, ear, olfactory mucosa
All motor (efferent) neurons and most interneurons are ____
multipolar
____ matter makes out the outer cortex of the brain
Gray
The ____ is the largest division of the brain and has higher mental functioning
Cerebrum
The ____ in the brain processes sensory information
Diencephalon
The ____ regulates certain visceral activities
Brainstem
The ____ cooridinates vountary muscular movement
Cerebellum
The ____ is the sensory relay area
Thalamus
The ____ controls instinctive behaviors
Hypothalamus
The anatomic landmark originally responsible for long bone growth in length is known as the ____
Epiphyseal Disk
Production of red blood cells can occur in ____
Red bone marrow
Calcium absorption in the intestines is aided by
Vitamin D
____ is not a function of the human skeletal system
Synthesis of thyroxine
Osteoclasts can decalcify bone and break down collagen by producing ____
Citric and lactic acids
Inadequate vitamin D in the diet results in ____
Osteomalacia
The calcium phosphate salt __________ is the hardening agent of the ground substance of bone
Hydroxyapatite
A fracture which results in the fragmentation of bone into many segments is ________
Comminuted fracture
Possesses features such as spine, acromion process and coracoid process describes the _________
Scapula
Rheumatoid arthritis is a type of ________ inflammation
Joint
__________ connects parietal bones
Sutures
The elbow joint is ________
Uniaxial
The shoulder joint is __________
Multiaxial
The wrist joint is ________
Biaxial
The type of vertebra which has an axe shaped spinous process is the ________
Lumbar vertebrae
The lateral and medial malleolus form a buldge in an area commonly called the ____
ankle
An exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine is called ____
Scoliosis
The percentage composition of the organic part of bone in the human body is ____
15%
Hyperparathyroidism can result in
Increased incidence of organ and ductal stones
Excessive calcium loss from bone
The thoracic body cavity is a ___________ body cavity.
Ventral
The axis would be classified as a ______ bone while the sternum would be classified as a _______ bone.
Irregular, flat
Ribs which articulate indirectly with the sternum are called ____
Vertebrosternal
The lateral longitudinal arch is aligned with the ____
Small toe
High blood calcium levels are corrected by the
Thyroid Gland
Why is calcium important to the body
Muscle conteactions
Nerve impulses
Blood clotting
This bone type helps prevent tendon deterioration
Sesamoid bone
The basic functional unit of compact bone is called a/an ____
Osteon
Long bones increase in width through the process of ____
Appositional growth
An extreme weakness of bone associated with decreased hormone levels and an increase in osteoclast activity characterizes which skeletal system disease
Osteoporosis
The femur would develop through the process of
Endochondral ossification
Which of the following would correctly be classified as a syndesmosis
Distal ulna/radial ligamentous articulation
This uniaxial joint is the type exemplified by both the knee and hinge joints of the fingers.
Ginglymus
The subtending ligament of a diarthrotic joint would be composed of which of the following tissue
A dense regular connective tissue
The term extrapulmonary refers to componets of the airway system that are ____________
located outside the lung parenchyma
The cavity that connects thoracic organs with the neck is called the ________
Mediastinum
Warms air, humidifies air, filters air are all functions of the ________
nasal cavity
Hemorrhaging of the nasal capillaries is called ________
Epistaxis
The volume of air that never leaves the lungs is ________
residual volume
Filtration of air by the respiratory system is due largely to the presence of what structure on mucosal membrane cells is __________
Cilia
High up in the nasal cavity is __________
Superior nasal conchae
Posterior and inferior to internal nares is ________
Pharyngeal tonsil
Rises during deglution is the ______
Soft palate
Between vocal folds is the _______
Glottis
Moves food around during mastication is the ________
Tongue
The olefactory region is located __________
High up in the nasal cavity, just below the ethmoid bone
Epistaxis can be a symptom of _______
Hypertension
Which type of connective tissues make up the plates forming the larynx ___________
Hyaline and elastic cartilage
True or False
Pitch of the voice (high or low quality of sound) is due to the amount of air passing over the vocal folds
False
Tension of the true vocal folds is controlled by _________
A pulling on them by muscles controlling the arytenoid cartilages
What is most likely the function of the false vocal folds?
To protect the true vocal folds
Symptoms of a bilateral paradoxical paralysis of the true vocal folds are ___________
Score throat, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath
A _________ normally lines the trachea
A pseudostratified ciliated columnar
True or False
Gobet cells are located within the lining of the trachea and nasal cavity
True
__________ is responsible for controlling constriction or dilation of the trachea
Trachealis muscle
Correctly list progression of elements of the bronchial tree in decreasing order
Trachea
Tertiary bronchiole
Bronchioles
alveolar duct
