Final Exam Flashcards
Cells which act as phagocytes in CNS tissue are called ______
Microglia
PNS neurons are believed to have a greater regenerative capacity due to the presence of a ____________ around their axons
Myelin sheath
Delivery of stimulation to a skeletal muscle without allowing for adequate time for complete relaxation before the next stimulus starts results in __________
Summing of contraction
Movement of the arm or leg away from the body midline describes ________
Adbduction
A _________ is the functional contractile unit of a skeletal muscle cell or fiber
Sarcomere
A skeletal muscle cell is unlike other muscle cells in that:
Skeletal muscle is striated and never branched
Sensory neurons are also referred to as _________
Afferent neurons
The type of muscle which does not typically exhibit rhythmic contraction is __________
Skeletal
True or False
Contraction of the circular layer of smooth muscle in walls of the intestine serves to shorten intentional length
False
The point of attachment of a muscle that moves the least when a muscle contracts would be called the ________
Origin
________ movement of a body part from anatomical position or a ________ in the angle of a joint is called flexion
Forward, decrease
The nasal mucosa is a location in which you would specifically find which of the following neuronal types?
Bipolar
The movement of your elbow joint as you bring your morning coffee cup to your lips from a table that you are seated in front of would be ________
Concentric flexion
An integral protein which is attached to tropomyosin and serves as a binding site for calcium during muscle contraction is _________
Troponin
In the process of nerve signal transmission potassium channels open in response to ___________
Change in cytoplasmic charge to +30mv
Thick filaments within muscle cells are composed of the protein _______
Myosin
The transport protein _______ carries calcium back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum after passage of the action potential
Calsequestrin
Myoglobin containing muscle fibers which can sustain longer contractions are called ___________
Red fibers
The special molecule in muscle that serves as a phosphate store for the recharging of ADP to ATP is ___________
Creatine
Rotating the palm of the hand to face downward is known as ___________
Pronation
Wernicke’s area is associated with which of the following?
Dictionary or word storage
Smooth muscle contraction of the skeletal muscle and balance are associated with this brain structure
Celebellum
The meningial structure in which cerebrospinal fluid circulates is called the ____________
Subarachnoid space
The glossopharyngeal nerve is responsible for the complex known as __________
Swallowing
Forms the blood-brain barrier in screening circulatory materials before they reach neurons describes _________
Astrocytes
Plantar flexion involves _____________
Movement of the top of the foot away from the anterior surface of the lower leg
True or False
A true eccentric contraction can also be described as muscle relaxation
True
As a general rule Sympathetic motor nerve tend to ________ activity of various body systems
Increase
As a general rule Sympathetic motor nerve tend to ________ activity of various body systems
Increase
The exception to the rule in the above question is in regard to the _________ system
Digestive
True or False
In the peripheral nervous system bundles of axons are referred to as nerve tracts.
False
Functions of the Skeletal System
- Support (It supports and anchors all soft organs of the trunk and extremities)
- Protects (It protects soft tissues and organs in many regions of the body)
- Movement (The skeletal system is the attachment point for skeletal muscls that in turn move bones)
- Storage (Bone is a calcium storage area, 2-4 pounds of Calcium is stored)
- Blood cell formation (Called hematopoiesis)
____ is the hardening of bone
Hydroxyapetite
Bone cell formation is called ____
hematopoiesis
____ aids in the absorption of calcium from intestines into blood
Vitamin D
Bones are classified according to their ____
shape
The normal calcium level is ____ mg/dl
10
When the thyroid gland releases calcitonin, ____ activity is inhibited
Osteoblast
This is a ____ bone
flat
This is a ____ bone
long
This is a ____ bone
sesamoid
This is a ____ bone
irregular
These are ____ bones
short
Any bone that is enclosed in a tendon is a ____ bone
sesamoid
The head of the femur contains both ____ and ____ marrow
red, yellow
____ marrow stores fat
Yellow
____ marrow is responsible for hematopoiesis
Red
Yellow marrow is usually in the ____
center
____ - Bone gets torn down and rebuilt
Remodeling
The ____ forms the outer surface of bone
Periosteum
The ____ lines the medullary cavity
endosteum
Spongy bone is composed of ____ that contain the osteocytes. Red marrow fills in the spaces in some bones.
trabeculae
This is a diagram of a ____ bone
flat
What are the four bone cell types
- Osteocyte (Maintains bone tissue)
- Osteoblast (Forms bone matrix)
- Osteogenic Cell (Stem cell) (Mesenchyme Cell)
- Osteoclast (Resorbs bone)
____ cells are undifferentiated and develop into osteoblasts
Osteogenic
When ____ get trapped within the calcified matrix, their structure and function changes, and they become osteocytes
osteoblasts
____ develop from monocytes and macrophages and differ in appearance from other bone cells
Osteoclasts
This is an ____
Osteocyte
This is an ____
Osteoblast
This is an ____
Osteogenic Cell
This is an ____
Osteoclast
A ____ is a large, round projection from bone; may be roughened
Tuberosity
A ____ is a narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
Crest
A ____ is a vey large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
Trochanter
A ____ is a narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Line
A ____ is a small, rounded projection or process
Tubercle
An ____ is a raised area on or above a condyle
Epicondyle
A ____ is sharp, slender, often pointed projection of bone
Spine
A ____ is any bone prominence
process
Peristalsis means ________
Rhythmic
There are three types of muscle tissue
1) ___________ muscle
2) ___________ muscle
3) ___________ muscle
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
The Epimysium gives the muscle _______
Shape
The Perimysium layer defines _________
fascicles
The Endomysium layer is the ____________ in
Last connective tissue layer
Functions of muscle include
1) ___________
2) ___________
3) ___________
4) ___________
1) Produces movement
2) Maintains posture
3) Stabilizes joints
4) Generates heat
The functional unit of a muscle is called the ______
Sarcomere
Skeletal muscle fiber is surrounded by a plasma membrane called the _________ which contains sarcoplasm, the cytoplasm of muscle cells.
Sarcolema
In a muscle fiber, the lightest area is the _______
Z line
In a muscle fiber the darkest zones are the called ________
The zones of overlap
The terminal cisternae is a sac made of membrane and stores ________
Calcium
_______ permit the conduction of electrical impulses
T-tubules
Myosin is the ______ filaments
Thick
Skeletal muscle requires a separate ______ supply for every fiber
Nerve
When Ach molecules are released, they diffuse across a minute space called the _________ and bind to receptors
Snaptic cleft
Action potential is like a ______ consuming a twig
Flame
When a sarcomere contracts the _____ lines move closer together and the _____ band becomes ______. The A band stays the same width. At full contraction, the thin and thick filaments overlap.
Z
I
Smaller
Ecentric is also known as _______
Relaxation
Concentric is also known as ______
shortening or contracting
Na/K pump is an _________
antiporter
Opens when a particular chemical neurotransmitter fits into a very specific receptor describes a ____________
Chemical Dependant Channel
Opens only when the charge difference across the the membrane becomes -50 mv describes __________
Voltage dependant channel
Opens when a specific chemical neurotransmitter fits into a receptor on the outside of the membrane or when the inside voltage reaches +30mV describes ___________
Potassium channel
Skeleton is performed in ____ and fibrious membranes and changes partially into bone before birth, completely changing into bone when about _____ years of age
Hyaline cartilage
25
____ - Hyaline Cartilage replaced with bone
Endochondral ossification
____ - Fibrous membranes are replaced with bone, this is how most of the flat skull bones form
Intramembanous Ossification
Blood vessels and nerves enter the bone through the ____
nutrient foramen
The steps of Intramembranous Ossification:
- Msenchymal cells group into clusters and ____ centers form
- Secreted osteoid traps osteoblasts, which then become ____
- ____ matrix and ____ form
- Compact bone develops superficial to the trabecular bone, and crowded blood vessels condense into ____ marrow
- Ossification
- osteocytes
- Trabecular matrix, periosteum
- red
_______ is any movement forward from anatomical position (or decrease in angle of a join)
Flexion
__________ is return movement from a flexed position back to anatomical position
Extension
