3. Cells Flashcards
A ____ junction is the seal between cells
tight
A ____ junction deals with the movement of ions
gap
The ____ ER is studded with ribosomes, which are the site of protein synthesis
Rough
The ____ ER synthesizes phospholipids, steroid hormone, regulates concentration of cellular Ca++, and breaks down certain. toxins
Smooth
The ____ manipulates products from the Rough ER, and also produces organelles called ____
Golgi Apparatus; Lysosomes
____ are the only organelle that are not membranous
Ribosomes
A ____ is a vesicle of a digestive enzyme that allows the cell to decompose larger particles of food into smaller molecules so that they can be utilized by the cells synthesis
Lysosome
Programmed cell death is also called ____
Apoptosis
____ are membrane-bound organelles that contain an abundance of enzymes for detoxifying harmful substances and lipid metabolism
Peroxisome
The cytoskeleton consists of:
- Microtubules
- Microfilaments
- Intermediate filaments
The ____ plays an important role in maintaining cell shape and structure, promoting cellular movement and aiding in cell division
Cytoskeleton
A ____ is a microtubule assembly area
centriole
A ____ plasma membrane protein allows specific substances to move through
Channel
A ____ plasma membrane protein transports specific substances across membrane by changing shape and using energy
Transporter
A ____ plasma membrane protein recognizes specific ligand and alter cell’s function in some way. (Lock and key)
Receptor
A ____ anchors filaments inside and outside to plasma membrane. It provides stability and shape for the cell and it can aid in cell movement
Linker
Channel proteins are ____ than carrier proteins
less selective
In ____, which is relatively nonselective, the cell takes in a large particle
Phagocytosis
In ____, the cell takes in small particles in fluid
Pintocytosis
In ____, which is quite selective, when external receptors bind a specific ligand, the cell responds by endocytosing the ligand
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
In ____, material destined for export is packaged into a vesicle inside the cell. The membrane of the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane, and the contents are released into the extracellular space
Exocytosis
Molecules that cannot cross the plasma membrane on their own can do so by binding to a ____ to facilitate diffusion
Carrier Molecule
____ is diffusion of a fluid through a semipermeable membrane
Osmosis
Active Transport is movement from an area of ____ concentration to a ____ concentration
lesser; greater
In Active Transport, ____ is required
(Ex. Sodium pump)
energy
The rate of diffusion can be increased by:
- A greater concentration differnces between the areas
- A smaller molecular weight
- A greater cross-section of the diffusion pathway
- A higher temperature (due to an increases molecular motility)
Red blood cells in a Isotonic solution will have a ____ shape
normal
Red blood cells in a hypotonic solution will undergo ____
hemolysis
Red blood cells in a hypertonic solution will undergo ____
crenation
Strands of DNA are wrapped around supporting ____
histones
The DNA double helix is composed of two complementary strands. The strands are bonded together via their nitrogenous base pairs using ____ bonds
hydrogen
DNA replication is said to be ____
semiconservative
The two major phases of the cell cycle include ____ and ____
mitosis; interphase
Interphase can be divided into ____, ____, and ____ phases
G1, S, G2
____ and ____ control whether or not the cell is prepared to move onto the next stage in the cell cycle
Cyclins; Kinases
Kinases add ____ to molecules
phosphorus
In ____,
- Chromosomes condense and become visible
- Spindle fibers emerge from the centromeres
- Nuclear envelope breaks down
- Centrosomes move toward opposite poles
Prophase
In ____
- Chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate
- Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles
Metaphase
In ____
- Centrosomes split in two
- Sister chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles
- Certain spindle fibers begin to elongate the cell
- Kinetochore
- Polar
- Astral
Anaphase
In ____
- Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense
- Nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes
- The mitotic spindle breaks down
- Spindle fibers continue to push poles apart
Telophase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
____ RNA forms the protein assembly area in the cell
Ribosomal (r-RNA)
____ RNA is generated in the nucleus when the genetic code for the protein is copied by RNA from the nicleolus
Messenger (mRNA)
____ RNA carries amino acids in the cytoplasm and plugs into mRNA code on the ribosome to plaxe amino acids into the particular order or sequence to make the protein
Transfer (tRNA)
The ribosome is a ____ subunut structure. It is made up of a ____ and ____ subunit.
2; Large; Small
The fluid mosaic model is a concept which relates specifically to the structure of the ____
Cell membrane
The protein which wraps around DNA to. form a material called ____ is called ____
Chromatin; histone
Gap junctions are important in ____
cardiac muscle
____ hold digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
____ = Lipid Synthesis
Smooth ER
____ = Vesicle Transprort
Cytoskeleton
____ increase bsorptive area
Microvilli
Organelles known as ____ are found in large numbers in liver cells and serve to detoxify products of cellular respiration
Peroxisomes
Microfilaments known as ____ help maintain and give shape to the cell
actin tubules
Placing red blood cells in a saline solution of 6% would most likely
induce crenation
In the S stage of interphase, DNA polymerase would
Cause formation of covalent bonds between nucleotides
Condensation of chromatin into chromosomes occurs in
Prophase
Cyclins are important because they…
increase the activity of kinases
____ are the three base sequences on mRNA that direct amino acid position in proteins
Codons
