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Anatomy > 2. The Chemical Level of Organization (Basic Chemistry) > Flashcards

2. The Chemical Level of Organization (Basic Chemistry) Flashcards

1
Q

____ is anything that takes up space and has weight in the universe

A

Matter

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2
Q

A ____ change involves a change of state

A

Physical

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3
Q

A ____ change involves a change in atom arrangement (Ex. Digestion of food)

A

Chemical

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4
Q

____ is the ability to do work or put matter into motion

A

Energy

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5
Q

When energy is actually doing work it is referred to as ____ energy

A

kinetic

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6
Q

When energy is inactive or stored it is called ____ energy

A

potential

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7
Q

The 4 main elements of the body

A
  1. Oxygen (65%)
  2. Carbon (18%)
  3. Hydrogen (10%)
  4. Nitrogen (3%)
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8
Q

____ - Important lubrication of joints, acts as a solvent and medium for which biochemical reactions occur, helps regulate body temperature

A

Water (H2O)

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9
Q

____ - A major component of many biomolecules, necessary to obtain the maximum amount of ATP from glucose

A

Oxygen

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10
Q

____ - A major product of glucose metabolism, dissolves in plasma to form carbonic acid, which dissociates to form HCO3- which plays a major role as a buffer in the blood

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

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11
Q

____ - Necessary for sending nerve impulses, muscle contaction, and blood clotting

A

Calcium (Ca2+)

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12
Q

____ - Critical to maintain water balance in the body

A

Chloride ions (Cl-)

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13
Q

____.- Acts as a cofactor for specific enzymes, helps maintain normal heart rhythm, important in muscle contraction, important in bone composition

A

Magnesium ions (Mg2+)

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14
Q

____ - Helps compose nucleic acids, needed for ATP synthesis, a component of bone, aids in cell wall membrane polarization

A

Phosphate Ions (PO43-)

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15
Q

____ - Important in cell membrane polarization, critical in maintaining osmotic and water balance

A

Sodium (NA+)

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16
Q

____ - Necessary for cell membrane polarization, muscle contraction

A

Potassium (K+)

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17
Q

____ - Important in maintaining cell membrane polarization

A

Sulfate Ions (SO4-)

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18
Q

When two or more atoms of elements bond together, a ____ is formed

A

molecule

H (atom) + H (atom) -> H2 (molecule)

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19
Q

When two or more different atoms bond together, a molecule of a ____ is formed

A

compound

4H + C -> CH4

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20
Q

Electrons orbit the atomic nucleus at direct levels of energy called ____ ____

A

electron shells

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21
Q

All chemicals found in the human body fall into two classes of molecules: ____ compounds or ____ compounds

A

Organic; Inorganic

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22
Q

____ compounds are carbon contaning compounds

A

Organic

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23
Q

____ compounds do not contain carbon

A

Inorganic

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24
Q

The most plentiful salts are those containing ____ and ____, found in bones and teeth

A

Calcium; Phosphorus

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25
Q

Because ions are charged particles, all salts are ____, or substances that conduct an electrical current in solution

A

electrolytes

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26
Q

____ are substances that release hydrogen ions in detectable amounts

A

Acids

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27
Q

____ are proton donors

A

Acids

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28
Q

____ acids ionize (HCl) completely and liberate all of their protons

A

Strong

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29
Q

____ acids (carbonic acid) ionize incompletely

A

Weak

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30
Q

____ are proton acceptors

A

Bases

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31
Q

Bases release ____ (OH) ions and it is a proton seeker

A

hydroxide

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32
Q

The ____ ion is an important base in the blood

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

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33
Q

When an acid and a base are mixed together, they react with each other and form water and a salt; this is called a ____ reaction

NaOH + HCL -> NaCl + H2O

A

neutralization

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34
Q

The relative concentration of hydrogen (and hydroxyl) ions in various body fluids is measured in concentration units called ____ units

A

pH

35
Q

The pH scale runs from 0-14 and each change of 1 pH unit represents a ____ change in hydrogen-ion concentraion

A

10-fold

36
Q

The main organic molecules in our bodies are:

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids or fats
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
37
Q

Carbohydrates contain ____, ____, ____

A

Carbon; Hydrogen; Oxygen

38
Q

____ are utilized as primary energy sources for living cells, even though a few are structural molecules in plants (Ex: Cellulose in plant cell wall)

A

Carbohydrates

39
Q

Name the carbohydrate

A

Glycogen

40
Q

Name the carbohydrate

A

Starch

41
Q

Name the carbohydrate

A

Cellulose (Fiber)

42
Q

____ function both as a secondary energy source for our body cells and as a structural component in our cell membranes

A

Lipids

43
Q

Lipids are water insolualble, or ____

A

Non-Polar

44
Q

The most abundant lipids in the body are: ____, ____, ____

A

Neutral fats, phospholipids, and steroids

45
Q

Most lipids are insoluable, they will only dissolve in ____ solvent like alcohol, ether, or acetone

A

organic

46
Q

____ fatty acid chains are straight

A

Saturated

47
Q

____ fatty acid chains are kinked

A

Unsaturated

48
Q

Saturated fatty acids are normally ____

A

solids

49
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids are normally ____

A

Liquids

50
Q

Is this fatty acid Saturated or Unsaturated

A

Saturated

51
Q

Is this fatty acid Saturated or Unsaturated

A

Unsaturated

52
Q

____ - Found in deposits of the subcutaneous tissue and surrounding organs. They act as the major source of stored energy in the body as well as protecting and insulating organs

A

Neutral Fasts (Triglycerides)

53
Q

____ - Form the foundation of cell membranes, play an important role in lipid transport. They also forn myelin, the fatty insulating material associated with brain and nervous tissue

A

Phospholipids

54
Q

____ - Foms the basic framework of all the steroidal compounds in the body

A

Cholesterol

55
Q

____ - Breakdown products of cholesterol released by the liver into the duodenum where they aid in fat digestion (Emulsification) and absorpion

A

Bile Salts

56
Q

____ - Produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, from a modified cholesterol molecule (7-dehydrocholesterol) needed for normal bone growth and function

A

Vitamin D

57
Q

____ - Estrogen and progesterone (female hormones) and Testosterone (male sex hormone) produced from cholesterol; necessary for normal reproductive function; deficits result in sterolity

A

Sex Hormone

58
Q

____ - Cortiso, a glucoticoid, is a long term antistress hormone that is necessary for life; aldosterone helps regulate salt and water balance in the body fluids by targetting the kidneys

A

Adrenal cortical hormones

59
Q

____ - Found in organge-pigmented vegstables (carrots) and fruits (tomatoes); part of the photoreceptor pigment (rhodospin) involved in vision

A

Vitamin A

60
Q

____ - Taken in via plant products such as wheat germ and green leafy vegstables; may promote wound healing and contriute to fertility, but not proven in humans. Acts as a antioxidant, may help to reutralize free radicals, highly reacive particles belieaved to be involved in triggering some types of cancers

A

Vitamin E

61
Q

____ - Provided largely by the action of intestinal bacteria; also prevalent in a wide variety of foods; necessary for proper clotting of blood

A

Vitamin K

62
Q

____ - Derivitives of fatty acids found in cell membranes, functions include stimulation uterine contractions (including labor and abortions), bood pressure regulation, control of motility in thr gastrointestinal tract; critical in inflammation

A

Prostaglandins

63
Q

____ - Lopoid and protein-based substances that transpot fatty acids and cholesterol in the bloodstream; major varieties are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and low-density Lipoproteins (LDLs)

A

Lipoproteins

64
Q

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) send cholesterol to the ____

A

liver

65
Q

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) send cholesterol to the ____

A

body tissues

66
Q

____ function as structural molecules and some function as hormonies or enzymes

A

Proteins

67
Q

Proteins are composed of ____, ____, and ____

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

68
Q

____ account for 50% of the organic matter in the body, and they have the most varied functions of all organic molecules

A

Proteins

69
Q

Proteins are composed of chains of ____ and are one of the two types of organic molecules to contain the element ____

A

Amino Acids; Nitrogen

70
Q

An Amino Acid contains an: ____ group, a ____ chain, and a ____ group

A

Amino group; Side chain, and Carboxyl group

71
Q

What is this

A

Amino Acid

72
Q

Amino Acids differ from their ____

A

side chain

73
Q

Different amico acids join together to form ____, ____, or ____ via dehydration synthesis.

A

peptides, polypeptides, proteins

74
Q

The bonds between amino acids are ____ bonds

A

peptide

75
Q

The ____ structure is the sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chains

A

Primary

76
Q

The ____ structure, which can take form of an ____ or ____, is maintained by hydrogen bonds between amino acids in different regions of the priginal polypeptide strand

A

Secondary; alpha-helix; beta-pleated sheet

77
Q

The ____ structure occurs as a result of further folding and bonding of the secondary structure

A

Teritary

78
Q

The ____ structure occurs as a result of interactions between two or more teritary subunits.

The example here is Hemoglobin

A

Quaternary

79
Q

____ function as cellular informational molecules

A

Nucleic Acids

80
Q

Nucleic Acids are composed of long chains of ____ rather than long chains of amino acids

A

Nucleotides

81
Q

The role of ____, DNA and RNA, os that they provide the basic blueprint of life, in that they make up the gene and/or make a temporary cope of the gene code

A

Nucleic Acids

82
Q

____ in human cells makes up the gene code for various human traits

A

DNA

83
Q

____ in human cells can make a temporary copy of the DNA gene for cellular processes like the synthesis of protein

A

RNA

Anatomy (17 decks)

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