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Anatomy > 2. The Chemical Level of Organization (Basic Chemistry) > Flashcards

2. The Chemical Level of Organization (Basic Chemistry) Flashcards

1
Q

____ is anything that takes up space and has weight in the universe

A

Matter

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2
Q

A ____ change involves a change of state

A

Physical

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3
Q

A ____ change involves a change in atom arrangement (Ex. Digestion of food)

A

Chemical

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4
Q

____ is the ability to do work or put matter into motion

A

Energy

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5
Q

When energy is actually doing work it is referred to as ____ energy

A

kinetic

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6
Q

When energy is inactive or stored it is called ____ energy

A

potential

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7
Q

The 4 main elements of the body

A
  1. Oxygen (65%)
  2. Carbon (18%)
  3. Hydrogen (10%)
  4. Nitrogen (3%)
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8
Q

____ - Important lubrication of joints, acts as a solvent and medium for which biochemical reactions occur, helps regulate body temperature

A

Water (H2O)

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9
Q

____ - A major component of many biomolecules, necessary to obtain the maximum amount of ATP from glucose

A

Oxygen

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10
Q

____ - A major product of glucose metabolism, dissolves in plasma to form carbonic acid, which dissociates to form HCO3- which plays a major role as a buffer in the blood

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

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11
Q

____ - Necessary for sending nerve impulses, muscle contaction, and blood clotting

A

Calcium (Ca2+)

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12
Q

____ - Critical to maintain water balance in the body

A

Chloride ions (Cl-)

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13
Q

____.- Acts as a cofactor for specific enzymes, helps maintain normal heart rhythm, important in muscle contraction, important in bone composition

A

Magnesium ions (Mg2+)

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14
Q

____ - Helps compose nucleic acids, needed for ATP synthesis, a component of bone, aids in cell wall membrane polarization

A

Phosphate Ions (PO43-)

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15
Q

____ - Important in cell membrane polarization, critical in maintaining osmotic and water balance

A

Sodium (NA+)

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16
Q

____ - Necessary for cell membrane polarization, muscle contraction

A

Potassium (K+)

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17
Q

____ - Important in maintaining cell membrane polarization

A

Sulfate Ions (SO4-)

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18
Q

When two or more atoms of elements bond together, a ____ is formed

A

molecule

H (atom) + H (atom) -> H2 (molecule)

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19
Q

When two or more different atoms bond together, a molecule of a ____ is formed

A

compound

4H + C -> CH4

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20
Q

Electrons orbit the atomic nucleus at direct levels of energy called ____ ____

A

electron shells

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21
Q

All chemicals found in the human body fall into two classes of molecules: ____ compounds or ____ compounds

A

Organic; Inorganic

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22
Q

____ compounds are carbon contaning compounds

A

Organic

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23
Q

____ compounds do not contain carbon

A

Inorganic

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24
Q

The most plentiful salts are those containing ____ and ____, found in bones and teeth

A

Calcium; Phosphorus

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25
Because ions are charged particles, all salts are \_\_\_\_, or substances that conduct an electrical current in solution
electrolytes
26
\_\_\_\_ are substances that release hydrogen ions in detectable amounts
Acids
27
\_\_\_\_ are proton donors
Acids
28
\_\_\_\_ acids ionize (HCl) completely and liberate all of their protons
Strong
29
\_\_\_\_ acids (carbonic acid) ionize incompletely
Weak
30
\_\_\_\_ are proton acceptors
Bases
31
Bases release ____ (OH) ions and it is a proton seeker
hydroxide
32
The ____ ion is an important base in the blood
Bicarbonate (HCO3)
33
When an acid and a base are mixed together, they react with each other and form water and a salt; this is called a ____ reaction ## Footnote *NaOH + HCL -\> NaCl + H2O*
neutralization
34
The relative concentration of hydrogen (and hydroxyl) ions in various body fluids is measured in concentration units called ____ units
pH
35
The pH scale runs from 0-14 and each change of 1 pH unit represents a ____ change in hydrogen-ion concentraion
10-fold
36
The main organic molecules in our bodies are:
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids or fats 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids
37
Carbohydrates contain \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_
Carbon; Hydrogen; Oxygen
38
\_\_\_\_ are utilized as primary energy sources for living cells, even though a few are structural molecules in plants (Ex: Cellulose in plant cell wall)
Carbohydrates
39
Name the carbohydrate
Glycogen
40
Name the carbohydrate
Starch
41
Name the carbohydrate
Cellulose (Fiber)
42
\_\_\_\_ function both as a secondary energy source for our body cells and as a structural component in our cell membranes
Lipids
43
Lipids are water insolualble, or \_\_\_\_
Non-Polar
44
The most abundant lipids in the body are: \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_
Neutral fats, phospholipids, and steroids
45
Most lipids are insoluable, they will only dissolve in ____ solvent like alcohol, ether, or acetone
organic
46
\_\_\_\_ fatty acid chains are straight
Saturated
47
\_\_\_\_ fatty acid chains are kinked
Unsaturated
48
Saturated fatty acids are normally \_\_\_\_
solids
49
Unsaturated fatty acids are normally \_\_\_\_
Liquids
50
Is this fatty acid Saturated or Unsaturated
Saturated
51
Is this fatty acid Saturated or Unsaturated
Unsaturated
52
\_\_\_\_ - Found in deposits of the subcutaneous tissue and surrounding organs. They act as the major source of stored energy in the body as well as protecting and insulating organs
Neutral Fasts (Triglycerides)
53
\_\_\_\_ - Form the foundation of cell membranes, play an important role in lipid transport. They also forn myelin, the fatty insulating material associated with brain and nervous tissue
Phospholipids
54
\_\_\_\_ - Foms the basic framework of all the steroidal compounds in the body
Cholesterol
55
\_\_\_\_ - Breakdown products of cholesterol released by the liver into the duodenum where they aid in fat digestion (Emulsification) and absorpion
Bile Salts
56
\_\_\_\_ - Produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, from a modified cholesterol molecule (7-dehydrocholesterol) needed for normal bone growth and function
Vitamin D
57
\_\_\_\_ - Estrogen and progesterone (female hormones) and Testosterone (male sex hormone) produced from cholesterol; necessary for normal reproductive function; deficits result in sterolity
Sex Hormone
58
\_\_\_\_ - Cortiso, a glucoticoid, is a long term antistress hormone that is necessary for life; aldosterone helps regulate salt and water balance in the body fluids by targetting the kidneys
Adrenal cortical hormones
59
\_\_\_\_ - Found in organge-pigmented vegstables (carrots) and fruits (tomatoes); part of the photoreceptor pigment (rhodospin) involved in vision
Vitamin A
60
\_\_\_\_ - Taken in via plant products such as wheat germ and green leafy vegstables; may promote wound healing and contriute to fertility, but not proven in humans. **Acts as a antioxidant**, may help to reutralize free radicals, highly reacive particles belieaved to be involved in triggering some types of cancers
Vitamin E
61
\_\_\_\_ - Provided largely by the action of intestinal bacteria; also prevalent in a wide variety of foods; necessary for proper clotting of blood
Vitamin K
62
\_\_\_\_ - Derivitives of fatty acids found in cell membranes, functions include stimulation uterine contractions (including labor and abortions), bood pressure regulation, control of motility in thr gastrointestinal tract; **critical in inflammation**
Prostaglandins
63
\_\_\_\_ - Lopoid and protein-based substances that transpot fatty acids and cholesterol in the bloodstream; major varieties are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and low-density Lipoproteins (LDLs)
Lipoproteins
64
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) send cholesterol to the \_\_\_\_
liver
65
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) send cholesterol to the \_\_\_\_
body tissues
66
\_\_\_\_ function as structural molecules and some function as hormonies or enzymes
Proteins
67
Proteins are composed of \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_
Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
68
\_\_\_\_ account for 50% of the organic matter in the body, and they have the most varied functions of all organic molecules
Proteins
69
Proteins are composed of chains of ____ and are one of the two types of organic molecules to contain the element \_\_\_\_
Amino Acids; Nitrogen
70
An Amino Acid contains an: ____ group, a ____ chain, and a ____ group
Amino group; Side chain, and Carboxyl group
71
What is this
Amino Acid
72
Amino Acids differ from their \_\_\_\_
side chain
73
Different amico acids join together to form \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, or ____ via **dehydration synthesis**.
peptides, polypeptides, proteins
74
The bonds between amino acids are ____ bonds
peptide
75
The ____ structure is the sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chains
Primary
76
The ____ structure, which can take form of an ____ or \_\_\_\_, is maintained by hydrogen bonds between amino acids in different regions of the priginal polypeptide strand
Secondary; alpha-helix; beta-pleated sheet
77
The ____ structure occurs as a result of further folding and bonding of the secondary structure
Teritary
78
The ____ structure occurs as a result of interactions between two or more teritary subunits. ## Footnote *The example here is Hemoglobin*
Quaternary
79
\_\_\_\_ function as cellular informational molecules
Nucleic Acids
80
Nucleic Acids are composed of long chains of ____ rather than long chains of amino acids
Nucleotides
81
The role of \_\_\_\_, DNA and RNA, os that they provide the basic blueprint of life, in that they make up the gene and/or make a temporary cope of the gene code
Nucleic Acids
82
\_\_\_\_ in human cells makes up the gene code for various human traits
DNA
83
\_\_\_\_ in human cells can make a temporary copy of the DNA gene for cellular processes like the synthesis of protein
RNA

Anatomy (17 decks)

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