Exam 2 Flashcards
______ is the sum of all the biochemical reactions that occur in a living cell
Metabolism
Exergonic reactions result in the _____ of energy
production
Endergonic reactions require the _____ of energy
input
Catabolism is a _______ reaction
decomposition (breaking apart)
AB = A + B
Anabolism is a _______ reaction
synthesis (bringing together, making new)
A + B = AB
Photosynthesis and Respiration are _____ on one another
dependent
Photosynthesis reaction
CO2 + H2O —–> Sugar + O2
Respiration reaction
Sugar (Glucose) + O2 —–> CO2 + H2O + ATP
Photosynthesis and Respiration are dependent upon one another because each _____ something the other reaction needs
produce
The ____ is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree C
calorie
A ______ is 1000 times a calorie
Calorie
It takes approx ____ calories to generate 1 mol of ATP
8,000
The structure of ATP consists of the nitrogenous base, _____, a _____ sugar, and a chain of 3 ______ groups
Adenine (A), Ribose, Phosphate
Energy captured from cellular respiration is used to _____ a phosphate to form ATP
reattach
The difference between ADP & ATP is that ATP has 1 extra ____
Phosphate
Energy Flow
Solar Energy
Sugar Energy (Plant)
______ Energy (All Cells)
Heat Energy (All Cells)
ATP
The need for ATP in a cell:
- ______ Transport Mechanism
- To begin many _____ reactions (ex. glycolysis)
- _______ reactions – especially for protein and DNA synthesis
Active, catabolic, Anabolic
Enzymes are organic catalysts which are _____ proteins
globular (Enzymes are also large molecules)
Enzymes are very ______, usually react with one substrate and convert it to a product
specific
________ allow reactions to occur that would normally not occur in their absence
Enzymes
Almost all ______ reactions rely on enzymes
biochemmical
______ enzyme reactions are composed solely of protein
Simple
_______ enzymes are composed of a protein part and a ______ part joined together by an ion of magnesium
Complex, cofactor
We must have a daily supply of ______ because we use them up in complex enzyme reactions
vitamins
ADP is an ______ version of ATP
uncharged
______ recharges ADP into ATP
ATP Synththase
_______ is the addition of a phosphate to a molecule
Phosphorylation
Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in the _____
cytosol
In Substrate level phosphorylation ADP and Pi (lone phosphate) go into an ______ to be combined into ATP
enzyme
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the _____
mitochondria
In Oxidative phosphorylation, there is Hydrogen in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. As that Hydrogen moves through _______, it causes _______ to turn. When _______ turns it combines ADP & Pi into ATP
ATP Synthase
When we use NADH2 in Oxidative Phosphorylation we get ____ ATP
When we use FADH2 in Oxidative Phosphorylation we get ___ ATP
3, 2
Glycolysis happens in the _____ and does not require oxygen
cytoplasm
We get ____ ATP from glycolysis
2
The Citric Acid cycle occurs in the _____
mitochondria
The citric acid cycle makes ______ and ______
NADH2 and FADH2
The Electron Transport Chain happens in the ______
mitochondria
We get most of our ATP from the ______
Electron Transport Chain
The _______ involves cytochrome oxidase
Electron Transport Chain
The Electron Transport Chain produces _____ ATP
32-34
In glycolysis, we get _____ NADH2 from Oxidative Phosphorylation
2
After Glycolysis and the Kreb Cycle, _____ ATP is produced
38 (8 from glycolysis & 30 from Kreb Cycle)
_______ are a collection of cells and associated intercellular material specialized for a particular function
Tissues
The 4 types of tissues in the body include: ________, _________, _________, and ________
Nervous tissue, Muscle tissue, Epithelial tissue, and Connective tissue
The epithelium is a collection of ______ cells
adherent
The Epithelium has very little ________ material
intercellular
The Epithelium covers external and _______ surfaces of the body
internal
The Epithelium is ______ (although its functions are dependent upon a close relationship to blood vessels)
avascular
Epidermis is a type of Epithelium that covers the ______ surfaces of the body
outer
A type of Epithelium that lines all passages leading into the interior of the body (digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems)
lining epthelium
A type of Epithelium that lines most of the closed body cavities (pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities) is called ______
Mesothelium
A type of Epithelium that lines blood and lymph vessels is called ______
Endothelium
Free surfaces are covered by epithelium EXCEPT in _____. Synovial membranes and bursae of these regions are covered by modified _______ cells.
joints
connective tissue
Functions of Epthelium include _____, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, ________
protection (keratinized)
absorbtion (digestive system - simple columnar)
secretion (simple cuboidal)
Surface transport (simple squamous)
Sensory reception (Nuroepithelium)
Separates body into compartments (simple squamous)
Epithelium forms ______ barriers (organizes body structure)
histologic
Criteria used to classify Epithelium
1) Number of layers
2) ______
The shape of cells at the topmost layer (squamous, cuboidal, columnar, etc)
Keratinized cells are _____
dead (epidermis of skin)
nonkeratinized cells are _____ & _______
alive, have nuclei (Esophagus)
The outermost layer of the membrane surrounding the heart is called the _____
Fibrous pericardium
Type of CNS cell that functions in cleaning cellular debris is called ____
Microglia
The cells which release both heparin and histamine granules are called _____
Mast Cells
Synovial joins are a type of ______
closed cavity
This connective tissue cell type produces both fibers and ground substance within connective tissue proper is called ______
Fibroblast
Fibrocyte, thrombocyte, mast cell, and reticular cells are all found in ______
connective tissue
______ are a type of membrane specializations that occur in large numbers within intercalated disks
GAP junctions
Muscles are attached to a bone by a/an _____
tendon
A ____ attaches bone to bone
ligament
A malignant change in cartilage tissue is called a ______
sarcoma
Loose irregular tissue plays an important role in ______ and composes fascia
water storage
______ is a type of connective tissue that is largely responsible for the protection of the abdominal organs
adipose tissue
Lining the small intestines is ________
simple columnar epithelium
Wrapping of tonofilaments with hyaline protein is associated most closely with _____
stratum granulosum
_________ produces the myelin covering on neuronal axons
Oligodendrocytes
The yellow cartilage which makes up the framework of the external ear is referred to as _______
Elastic
Plasma cells are specialized connective tissue cells associated with _______
Antibody formation
______ forms the periosteum
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
________ composes the iris of the eye
pigmented connective tissue
TRUE OR FALSE
An apocrine type sweat gland would be found in large numbers in skin of the forehead
False
A connective tissue type which contains argyrophilic fibers is called ______
Reticular Connective tissue
A component of blood which actually consists of a cell fragment and functions in clotting is called _______ and _______
Platelet, Thrombocyte
The portion of hair which projects above the scalp is called the _______
shaft
Psoriasis is largely due to a malfunction in the regulation of ______ of skin
rate of cell division
_________ is the change in cells that occurs as they move farther away from their blood supply in certain epithelial tissues
Cytomorphosis
The cell type which makes up the taste buds is specifically referred to as __________
Neruoepithelium
Epithelial tissues are generally described as avascular because __________
No room for blood vessels to run
Generally bacterial enzymes are going to attack _________, a ground matrix component
Hyaluronic acid
_________ are important for skin integrity and create the epidermal ridge or fingerprint
Dermal papillae
The _______ secretes part of “acid mantle”
Sebaceous gland
________ is responsible for fine touch perception
Meissner’s corpuscle
__________ attach to hair follicles
Arrector pili muscle
________ are deep pressure sensors
Paccinnian corpuscle
Facial lesions referred to as “impetigo” occur due to an infection by _______ bacteria
Staphlococcus
In wound healing granulation tissue is located in the __________ and is generated largely by ____________
Dermis, fibroblasts
Exocrine glands are classified by their _______
structure
Endocrine glands associate with the ________ system in __________ tissue
vascular, connective
Endocrine glands secrete directly into the ______ while exocrine glands secret into ________
bloodstream, ducts
Insulin is a type of ______ cell
Islet
Acini cells are a type of _______ enzyme
digestive
A _______ is a malignant change in epithelial tissue
Carcinoma
__________ tissue has relatively few cells and a large amount of intercellular substance. Composed of closely packed fibers
connective
Loose connective tissue made up of a framework of reticular fibers that provides a supportive framework for soft organs describes ________
Reticular tissue
Tissue that consists of collagenous fibers packed into parallel bundles describes _______
Dense regular connective tissue
Tissue that consists of collagenous fibers interwoven into a mesh-like network describes ________
Dense irregular connective
_________ are the most numerous connective tissue cell type that produce fibers and ground substance
Fibroblasts
______ or ______ are the second most numerous cell type, multinucleated foreign body giant cell. Carries out phagocytosis of debris
Macrophages, Histocytes
_______ cells contain granules that contain Heparin and Histamine
Mast
______ cells digest mucous membrane, connective tissue of blood-forming organs, and produce antibodies
Plasma
The intercellular substance of connective tissue is like _____
soft gel
The ground substance of ______ is firm yet flexible and may be readily cut
cartilage
The ground substance of ______ is rigid because of the deposition of inorganic calcium salts in the matrix
Bone
________ is vascular and feeds all other tissue types
connective tissue
________ fibers are flexible but not elastic, composed of a macromolecule (tropocollagen), and are thick large fibers that do not branch
Collagenous
______ fibers are small branching fibers that form a supportive framework, composed of the protein reticulin, and are argyrophilic – turn black in the presence of silver stain
Reticular
_______ fibers branch and anastomose freely form networks, composed of a protein called elastin, produced by fibroblasts but may be made by smooth muscle cells in walls of arteries, very elastic in nature
Elastic
Connective tissue ground substance is a ________ gel
Amorphous
mucopolysaccharide in connective tissue ground substance is composed of two componets, _________ and _________
Hyaluronic acid, and Chondroitin Sulfate
_______ cells produce connective tissue proper
Fibroblasts
Connective tissue proper has a high amount of _______
fibers
_______ tissue plays an extremely important role in limiting the spread of localized infections and in the healing process as well as water storage
Loose Irregular connective
_______ tissue is a loose connective tissue that consists of fat cells with little extracellular matrix. It stores fat for energy and provides insulation
Adipose
Chondrocytes are located in spaces called ______ in the cartilage’s solid ground substance
lacunae
______ cartilage has low density of fibers
Hyaline
______ cartilages attach the rib cage to the sternum
Costal
Calcified ground substance composed of solid crystals of hydroxyapatite is called ______
bone
the 2 types of bone are ______ and _____
Spongy, Dense
Blood is a type of ______ tissue composed of cells and plasma
connective
Cells of the nervous system are ______, _______, and ________
Astrocytes (forms the blood-brain barrier), Oligodendroglia (attach neurons together), Microglia (clean up and debris)
Malignancy of connective tissue is called a ______
sarcoma
Nervous tissue is composed of 2 types of cells, ______ and ______
Neuroglial cells, and Neurons
An epithelium resting on its connective tissue describes a _______
membrane
Connective tissue membranes include synovial membranes and _______ membranes which include mucous membranes, serous membranes, and the cutaneous membrane (thick skin)
Epithelial
What type of membrane is this?
Mucous membrane
What type of membrane is this?
Serous membrane
What type of membrane is this?
Cutaneous membrane
What type of membrane is this?
Synovial membrane
Is thin or thick skin
Thick
Is this thin or thick skin
thin
The epidermis has 5 layers: the ________, __________, _________, _________, and _________
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
The _________ is the top most layer of skin and is composed of spaced dead cells filled with keratin
Stratum corneum
The ________ is a clear zone of very flat compact cells full of keratin
stratum lucidum
The ________ is a layer of dark, dying granulated cells
Stratum Granulosum
The ________ is composed of dying cells as they move away from their food source in dermis
Stratum spinosum
The _______ contains mitotic living cells
Stratum germinativum
Three pigments contribute to skin color: 1) ______ for yellow, brown, and black pigmentations. 2) ________ for orange pigmentations. 3) The amount of ________ bound to hemoglobin
Melanin, Carotene, Oxygen
Reddening of the skin due to inflammation is called _______
erythema
Skin turning blue is called ______
cyanosis
skin turning a yellow/orange color is called ______
juandice
pallor is described as skin having a ______ color to it
white
________ are defined as blood vessels are broken underneath skin
bruises
Individuals with ______ experience depigmentation that results in lighter colored patches of skin
Vitiligo
The common appendages of skin are ________, _________, and ________
(1) Cutaneous glands, (2) hairs and hair follicles, (3) nails and nail bed
Sebaceous glands are also called _____ glands
oil
Sebaceous glands are found all over the skin except for _________
the palms of the hands and soles of feet
sebaceous gland ducts usually open into _______ follicles and oil surfaces around the hair
hair
Sebaceous glands make ______ which functions as a lubricant to keep skin soft and moist and it contains chemical to kill bacteria
sebum
The 2 types of sweat glands are ______ and ______
eccrine, apocrine
________ is the most abundant sweat gland. Sweat is secreted through a pore on surface of skin
eccrine
________ sweat glands are confined to axially and genital areas of the body; their ducts empty into hair follicles. Activated during pain, stress, and sexual activity.
Apocrine
Part of the hair enclosed in the follicle is called the ______
root
Hair is formed by cell division in the ______ layer of the stratum germinativum in a zone called the ________ and as it grows further away from the food source, the cells die and fill with protein.
basal, hair bulb matrix
Hair pigments are made by ______
melanocytes
Hair follicles are composed of an inner layer called the _______ sheath, that forms the hair, and an outer layer called the ______ sheath, that feeds and protects forming hair
epithelial, dermal
The _______ muscle can pull hair upright in cold or frightening moments
arrector pili
A ______ is a scalelike modification of the epidermis
nail
A nail has a ______, a ________, and a _______
free edge, body, root
the thick proximal nail is commonly called the ______
cuticle
The basal layer of the stratum granulosum extends beneath the nail as the nail bed and its thicken proximal area is called the nail ______
matrix
As nails grow they move further and further away from their food supply, they die and fill with keratin. Giving them a ______ texture than hair
harder
Nails are transparent and colorless with the exception of the thickened nail matrix that appears as a white crescent called the ______
lunula
_________ is a common skin disorder that presents as a red, flaky rash
Eczema
ABSCDs of Melanoma
A -
B -
C -
D -
A - Asymmetrical
B - Bordered
C - Uneven Coloration
D - Diameter > 6mm
________ is a result of over-productive sebaceous glands, which leads to formation of blackheads and inflammation of skin
acne
What type of cancer is this?
Squamous cell carcinoma (20%)
What type of cancer is this
Basal cell carcinoma (78%)
What type of cancer is this?
Malignant melanoma (2%)
