Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
______ is the sum of all the biochemical reactions that occur in a living cell
A
Metabolism
2
Q
Exergonic reactions result in the _____ of energy
A
production
3
Q
Endergonic reactions require the _____ of energy
A
input
4
Q
Catabolism is a _______ reaction
A
decomposition (breaking apart)
AB = A + B
5
Q
Anabolism is a _______ reaction
A
synthesis (bringing together, making new)
A + B = AB
6
Q
Photosynthesis and Respiration are _____ on one another
A
dependent
7
Q
Photosynthesis reaction
A
CO2 + H2O —–> Sugar + O2
8
Q
Respiration reaction
A
Sugar (Glucose) + O2 —–> CO2 + H2O + ATP
9
Q
Photosynthesis and Respiration are dependent upon one another because each _____ something the other reaction needs
A
produce
10
Q
The ____ is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree C
A
calorie
11
Q
A ______ is 1000 times a calorie
A
Calorie
12
Q
It takes approx ____ calories to generate 1 mol of ATP
A
8,000
13
Q
The structure of ATP consists of the nitrogenous base, _____, a _____ sugar, and a chain of 3 ______ groups
A
Adenine (A), Ribose, Phosphate
14
Q
Energy captured from cellular respiration is used to _____ a phosphate to form ATP
A
reattach
15
Q
The difference between ADP & ATP is that ATP has 1 extra ____
A
Phosphate
16
Q
Energy Flow
Solar Energy
Sugar Energy (Plant)
______ Energy (All Cells)
Heat Energy (All Cells)
A
ATP
17
Q
The need for ATP in a cell:
- ______ Transport Mechanism
- To begin many _____ reactions (ex. glycolysis)
- _______ reactions – especially for protein and DNA synthesis
A
Active, catabolic, Anabolic
18
Q
Enzymes are organic catalysts which are _____ proteins
A
globular (Enzymes are also large molecules)
19
Q
Enzymes are very ______, usually react with one substrate and convert it to a product
A
specific
20
Q
________ allow reactions to occur that would normally not occur in their absence
A
Enzymes
21
Q
Almost all ______ reactions rely on enzymes
A
biochemmical
22
Q
______ enzyme reactions are composed solely of protein
A
Simple
23
Q
_______ enzymes are composed of a protein part and a ______ part joined together by an ion of magnesium
A
Complex, cofactor
24
Q
We must have a daily supply of ______ because we use them up in complex enzyme reactions
A
vitamins
25
ADP is an ______ version of ATP
uncharged
26
\_\_\_\_\_\_ recharges ADP into ATP
ATP Synththase
27
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the addition of a phosphate to a molecule
Phosphorylation
28
Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in the \_\_\_\_\_
cytosol
29
In Substrate level phosphorylation ADP and Pi (lone phosphate) go into an ______ to be combined into ATP
enzyme
30
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the \_\_\_\_\_
mitochondria
31
In Oxidative phosphorylation, there is Hydrogen in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. As that Hydrogen moves through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, it causes _______ to turn. When _______ turns it combines ADP & Pi into ATP
ATP Synthase
32
When we use NADH2 in Oxidative Phosphorylation we get ____ ATP
When we use FADH2 in Oxidative Phosphorylation we get ___ ATP
3, 2
33
Glycolysis happens in the _____ and does not require oxygen
cytoplasm
34
We get ____ ATP from glycolysis
2
35
The Citric Acid cycle occurs in the \_\_\_\_\_
mitochondria
36
The citric acid cycle makes ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
NADH2 and FADH2
37
The Electron Transport Chain happens in the \_\_\_\_\_\_
mitochondria
38
We get most of our ATP from the \_\_\_\_\_\_
Electron Transport Chain
39
The _______ involves cytochrome oxidase
Electron Transport Chain
40
The Electron Transport Chain produces _____ ATP
32-34
41
In glycolysis, we get _____ NADH2 from Oxidative Phosphorylation
2
42
After Glycolysis and the Kreb Cycle, _____ ATP is produced
38 (8 from glycolysis & 30 from Kreb Cycle)
43
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are a collection of cells and associated intercellular material specialized for a particular function
Tissues
44
The 4 types of tissues in the body include: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Nervous tissue, Muscle tissue, Epithelial tissue, and Connective tissue
45
The epithelium is a collection of ______ cells
adherent
46
The Epithelium has very little ________ material
intercellular
47
The Epithelium covers external and _______ surfaces of the body
internal
48
The Epithelium is ______ (although its functions are dependent upon a close relationship to blood vessels)
avascular
49
Epidermis is a type of Epithelium that covers the ______ surfaces of the body
outer
50
A type of Epithelium that lines all passages leading into the interior of the body (digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems)
lining epthelium
51
A type of Epithelium that lines most of the closed body cavities (pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities) is called \_\_\_\_\_\_
Mesothelium
52
A type of Epithelium that lines blood and lymph vessels is called \_\_\_\_\_\_
Endothelium
53
Free surfaces are covered by epithelium EXCEPT in \_\_\_\_\_. Synovial membranes and bursae of these regions are covered by modified _______ cells.
joints
connective tissue
54
Functions of Epthelium include \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
protection (keratinized)
absorbtion (digestive system - simple columnar)
secretion (simple cuboidal)
Surface transport (simple squamous)
Sensory reception (Nuroepithelium)
Separates body into compartments (simple squamous)
55
Epithelium forms ______ barriers (organizes body structure)
histologic
56
Criteria used to classify Epithelium
1) Number of layers
2) \_\_\_\_\_\_
The shape of cells at the topmost layer (squamous, cuboidal, columnar, etc)
57
Keratinized cells are \_\_\_\_\_
dead (epidermis of skin)
58
nonkeratinized cells are _____ & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
alive, have nuclei (Esophagus)
59
The outermost layer of the membrane surrounding the heart is called the \_\_\_\_\_
Fibrous pericardium
60
Type of CNS cell that functions in cleaning cellular debris is called \_\_\_\_
Microglia
61
The cells which release both heparin and histamine granules are called \_\_\_\_\_
Mast Cells
62
Synovial joins are a type of \_\_\_\_\_\_
closed cavity
63
This connective tissue cell type produces both fibers and ground substance within connective tissue proper is called \_\_\_\_\_\_
Fibroblast
64
Fibrocyte, thrombocyte, mast cell, and reticular cells are all found in \_\_\_\_\_\_
connective tissue
65
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are a type of membrane specializations that occur in large numbers within intercalated disks
GAP junctions
66
Muscles are attached to a bone by a/an \_\_\_\_\_
tendon
67
A ____ attaches bone to bone
ligament
68
A malignant change in cartilage tissue is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_
sarcoma
69
Loose irregular tissue plays an important role in ______ and composes fascia
water storage
70
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a type of connective tissue that is largely responsible for the protection of the abdominal organs
adipose tissue
71
Lining the small intestines is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
simple columnar epithelium
72
Wrapping of tonofilaments with hyaline protein is associated most closely with \_\_\_\_\_
stratum granulosum
73
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ produces the myelin covering on neuronal axons
Oligodendrocytes
74
The yellow cartilage which makes up the framework of the external ear is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Elastic
75
Plasma cells are specialized connective tissue cells associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Antibody formation
76
\_\_\_\_\_\_ forms the periosteum
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
77
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ composes the iris of the eye
pigmented connective tissue
78
TRUE OR FALSE
An apocrine type sweat gland would be found in large numbers in skin of the forehead
False
79
A connective tissue type which contains argyrophilic fibers is called \_\_\_\_\_\_
Reticular Connective tissue
80
A component of blood which actually consists of a cell fragment and functions in clotting is called _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Platelet, Thrombocyte
81
The portion of hair which projects above the scalp is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
shaft
82
Psoriasis is largely due to a malfunction in the regulation of ______ of skin
rate of cell division
83
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the change in cells that occurs as they move farther away from their blood supply in certain epithelial tissues
Cytomorphosis
84
The cell type which makes up the taste buds is specifically referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Neruoepithelium
85
Epithelial tissues are generally described as avascular because \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
No room for blood vessels to run
86
Generally bacterial enzymes are going to attack \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a ground matrix component
Hyaluronic acid
87
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are important for skin integrity and create the epidermal ridge or fingerprint
Dermal papillae
88
The _______ secretes part of "acid mantle"
Sebaceous gland
89
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is responsible for fine touch perception
Meissner's corpuscle
90
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ attach to hair follicles
Arrector pili muscle
91
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are deep pressure sensors
Paccinnian corpuscle
92
Facial lesions referred to as "impetigo" occur due to an infection by _______ bacteria
Staphlococcus
93
In wound healing granulation tissue is located in the __________ and is generated largely by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Dermis, fibroblasts
94
Exocrine glands are classified by their \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
structure
95
Endocrine glands associate with the ________ system in __________ tissue
vascular, connective
96
Endocrine glands secrete directly into the ______ while exocrine glands secret into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
bloodstream, ducts
97
Insulin is a type of ______ cell
Islet
98
Acini cells are a type of _______ enzyme
digestive
99
A _______ is a malignant change in epithelial tissue
Carcinoma
100
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tissue has relatively few cells and a large amount of intercellular substance. Composed of closely packed fibers
connective
101
Loose connective tissue made up of a framework of reticular fibers that provides a supportive framework for soft organs describes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Reticular tissue
102
Tissue that consists of collagenous fibers packed into parallel bundles describes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Dense regular connective tissue
103
Tissue that consists of collagenous fibers interwoven into a mesh-like network describes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Dense irregular connective
104
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the most numerous connective tissue cell type that produce fibers and ground substance
Fibroblasts
105
\_\_\_\_\_\_ or ______ are the second most numerous cell type, multinucleated foreign body giant cell. Carries out phagocytosis of debris
Macrophages, Histocytes
106
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells contain granules that contain Heparin and Histamine
Mast
107
\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells digest mucous membrane, connective tissue of blood-forming organs, and produce antibodies
Plasma
108
The intercellular substance of connective tissue is like \_\_\_\_\_
soft gel
109
The ground substance of ______ is firm yet flexible and may be readily cut
cartilage
110
The ground substance of ______ is rigid because of the deposition of inorganic calcium salts in the matrix
Bone
111
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is vascular and feeds all other tissue types
connective tissue
112
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fibers are flexible but not elastic, composed of a macromolecule (tropocollagen), and are thick large fibers that do not branch
Collagenous
113
\_\_\_\_\_\_ fibers are small branching fibers that form a supportive framework, composed of the protein reticulin, and are argyrophilic -- turn black in the presence of silver stain
Reticular
114
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fibers branch and anastomose freely form networks, composed of a protein called elastin, produced by fibroblasts but may be made by smooth muscle cells in walls of arteries, very elastic in nature
Elastic
115
Connective tissue ground substance is a ________ gel
Amorphous
116
mucopolysaccharide in connective tissue ground substance is composed of two componets, _________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Hyaluronic acid, and Chondroitin Sulfate
117
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells produce connective tissue proper
Fibroblasts
118
Connective tissue proper has a high amount of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
fibers
119
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tissue plays an extremely important role in limiting the spread of localized infections and in the healing process as well as water storage
Loose Irregular connective
120
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tissue is a loose connective tissue that consists of fat cells with little extracellular matrix. It stores fat for energy and provides insulation
Adipose
121
Chondrocytes are located in spaces called ______ in the cartilage's solid ground substance
lacunae
122
\_\_\_\_\_\_ cartilage has low density of fibers
Hyaline
123
\_\_\_\_\_\_ cartilages attach the rib cage to the sternum
Costal
124
Calcified ground substance composed of solid crystals of hydroxyapatite is called \_\_\_\_\_\_
bone
125
the 2 types of bone are ______ and \_\_\_\_\_
Spongy, Dense
126
Blood is a type of ______ tissue composed of cells and plasma
connective
127
Cells of the nervous system are \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Astrocytes (forms the blood-brain barrier), Oligodendroglia (attach neurons together), Microglia (clean up and debris)
128
Malignancy of connective tissue is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_
sarcoma
129
Nervous tissue is composed of 2 types of cells, ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
Neuroglial cells, and Neurons
130
An epithelium resting on its connective tissue describes a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
membrane
131
Connective tissue membranes include synovial membranes and _______ membranes which include mucous membranes, serous membranes, and the cutaneous membrane (thick skin)
Epithelial
132
What type of membrane is this?
Mucous membrane
133
What type of membrane is this?
Serous membrane
134
What type of membrane is this?
Cutaneous membrane
135
What type of membrane is this?
Synovial membrane
136
Is thin or thick skin
Thick
137
Is this thin or thick skin
thin
138
The epidermis has 5 layers: the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
139
The _________ is the top most layer of skin and is composed of spaced dead cells filled with keratin
Stratum corneum
140
The ________ is a clear zone of very flat compact cells full of keratin
stratum lucidum
141
The ________ is a layer of dark, dying granulated cells
Stratum Granulosum
142
The ________ is composed of dying cells as they move away from their food source in dermis
Stratum spinosum
143
The _______ contains mitotic living cells
Stratum germinativum
144
Three pigments contribute to skin color: 1) ______ for yellow, brown, and black pigmentations. 2) ________ for orange pigmentations. 3) The amount of ________ bound to hemoglobin
Melanin, Carotene, Oxygen
145
Reddening of the skin due to inflammation is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
erythema
146
Skin turning blue is called \_\_\_\_\_\_
cyanosis
147
skin turning a yellow/orange color is called \_\_\_\_\_\_
juandice
148
pallor is described as skin having a ______ color to it
white
149
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are defined as blood vessels are broken underneath skin
bruises
150
Individuals with ______ experience depigmentation that results in lighter colored patches of skin
Vitiligo
151
The common appendages of skin are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
(1) Cutaneous glands, (2) hairs and hair follicles, (3) nails and nail bed
152
Sebaceous glands are also called _____ glands
oil
153
Sebaceous glands are found all over the skin except for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
the palms of the hands and soles of feet
154
sebaceous gland ducts usually open into _______ follicles and oil surfaces around the hair
hair
155
Sebaceous glands make ______ which functions as a lubricant to keep skin soft and moist and it contains chemical to kill bacteria
sebum
156
The 2 types of sweat glands are ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
eccrine, apocrine
157
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most abundant sweat gland. Sweat is secreted through a pore on surface of skin
eccrine
158
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sweat glands are confined to axially and genital areas of the body; their ducts empty into hair follicles. Activated during pain, stress, and sexual activity.
Apocrine
159
Part of the hair enclosed in the follicle is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_
root
160
Hair is formed by cell division in the ______ layer of the stratum germinativum in a zone called the ________ and as it grows further away from the food source, the cells die and fill with protein.
basal, hair bulb matrix
161
Hair pigments are made by \_\_\_\_\_\_
melanocytes
162
Hair follicles are composed of an inner layer called the _______ sheath, that forms the hair, and an outer layer called the ______ sheath, that feeds and protects forming hair
epithelial, dermal
163
The _______ muscle can pull hair upright in cold or frightening moments
arrector pili
164
A ______ is a scalelike modification of the epidermis
nail
165
A nail has a \_\_\_\_\_\_, a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
free edge, body, root
166
the thick proximal nail is commonly called the \_\_\_\_\_\_
cuticle
167
The basal layer of the stratum granulosum extends beneath the nail as the nail bed and its thicken proximal area is called the nail \_\_\_\_\_\_
matrix
168
As nails grow they move further and further away from their food supply, they die and fill with keratin. Giving them a ______ texture than hair
harder
169
Nails are transparent and colorless with the exception of the thickened nail matrix that appears as a white crescent called the \_\_\_\_\_\_
lunula
170
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a common skin disorder that presents as a red, flaky rash
Eczema
171
ABSCDs of Melanoma
A -
B -
C -
D -
A - Asymmetrical
B - Bordered
C - Uneven Coloration
D - Diameter \> 6mm
172
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a result of over-productive sebaceous glands, which leads to formation of blackheads and inflammation of skin
acne
173
What type of cancer is this?
Squamous cell carcinoma (20%)
174
What type of cancer is this
Basal cell carcinoma (78%)
175
What type of cancer is this?
Malignant melanoma (2%)
