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Anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

______ is the sum of all the biochemical reactions that occur in a living cell

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

Exergonic reactions result in the _____ of energy

A

production

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3
Q

Endergonic reactions require the _____ of energy

A

input

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4
Q

Catabolism is a _______ reaction

A

decomposition (breaking apart)

AB = A + B

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5
Q

Anabolism is a _______ reaction

A

synthesis (bringing together, making new)

A + B = AB

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6
Q

Photosynthesis and Respiration are _____ on one another

A

dependent

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7
Q

Photosynthesis reaction

A

CO2 + H2O —–> Sugar + O2

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8
Q

Respiration reaction

A

Sugar (Glucose) + O2 —–> CO2 + H2O + ATP

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9
Q

Photosynthesis and Respiration are dependent upon one another because each _____ something the other reaction needs

A

produce

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10
Q

The ____ is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree C

A

calorie

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11
Q

A ______ is 1000 times a calorie

A

Calorie

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12
Q

It takes approx ____ calories to generate 1 mol of ATP

A

8,000

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13
Q

The structure of ATP consists of the nitrogenous base, _____, a _____ sugar, and a chain of 3 ______ groups

A

Adenine (A), Ribose, Phosphate

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14
Q

Energy captured from cellular respiration is used to _____ a phosphate to form ATP

A

reattach

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15
Q

The difference between ADP & ATP is that ATP has 1 extra ____

A

Phosphate

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16
Q

Energy Flow

Solar Energy

Sugar Energy (Plant)

______ Energy (All Cells)

Heat Energy (All Cells)

A

ATP

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17
Q

The need for ATP in a cell:

  1. ______ Transport Mechanism
  2. To begin many _____ reactions (ex. glycolysis)
  3. _______ reactions – especially for protein and DNA synthesis
A

Active, catabolic, Anabolic

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18
Q

Enzymes are organic catalysts which are _____ proteins

A

globular (Enzymes are also large molecules)

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19
Q

Enzymes are very ______, usually react with one substrate and convert it to a product

A

specific

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20
Q

________ allow reactions to occur that would normally not occur in their absence

A

Enzymes

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21
Q

Almost all ______ reactions rely on enzymes

A

biochemmical

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22
Q

______ enzyme reactions are composed solely of protein

A

Simple

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23
Q

_______ enzymes are composed of a protein part and a ______ part joined together by an ion of magnesium

A

Complex, cofactor

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24
Q

We must have a daily supply of ______ because we use them up in complex enzyme reactions

A

vitamins

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25
Q

ADP is an ______ version of ATP

A

uncharged

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26
Q

______ recharges ADP into ATP

A

ATP Synththase

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27
Q

_______ is the addition of a phosphate to a molecule

A

Phosphorylation

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28
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in the _____

A

cytosol

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29
Q

In Substrate level phosphorylation ADP and Pi (lone phosphate) go into an ______ to be combined into ATP

A

enzyme

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30
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the _____

A

mitochondria

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31
Q

In Oxidative phosphorylation, there is Hydrogen in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. As that Hydrogen moves through _______, it causes _______ to turn. When _______ turns it combines ADP & Pi into ATP

A

ATP Synthase

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32
Q

When we use NADH2 in Oxidative Phosphorylation we get ____ ATP

When we use FADH2 in Oxidative Phosphorylation we get ___ ATP

A

3, 2

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33
Q

Glycolysis happens in the _____ and does not require oxygen

A

cytoplasm

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34
Q

We get ____ ATP from glycolysis

A

2

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35
Q

The Citric Acid cycle occurs in the _____

A

mitochondria

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36
Q

The citric acid cycle makes ______ and ______

A

NADH2 and FADH2

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37
Q

The Electron Transport Chain happens in the ______

A

mitochondria

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38
Q

We get most of our ATP from the ______

A

Electron Transport Chain

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39
Q

The _______ involves cytochrome oxidase

A

Electron Transport Chain

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40
Q

The Electron Transport Chain produces _____ ATP

A

32-34

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41
Q

In glycolysis, we get _____ NADH2 from Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

2

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42
Q

After Glycolysis and the Kreb Cycle, _____ ATP is produced

A

38 (8 from glycolysis & 30 from Kreb Cycle)

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43
Q

_______ are a collection of cells and associated intercellular material specialized for a particular function

A

Tissues

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44
Q

The 4 types of tissues in the body include: ________, _________, _________, and ________

A

Nervous tissue, Muscle tissue, Epithelial tissue, and Connective tissue

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45
Q

The epithelium is a collection of ______ cells

A

adherent

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46
Q

The Epithelium has very little ________ material

A

intercellular

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47
Q

The Epithelium covers external and _______ surfaces of the body

A

internal

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48
Q

The Epithelium is ______ (although its functions are dependent upon a close relationship to blood vessels)

A

avascular

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49
Q

Epidermis is a type of Epithelium that covers the ______ surfaces of the body

A

outer

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50
Q

A type of Epithelium that lines all passages leading into the interior of the body (digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems)

A

lining epthelium

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51
Q

A type of Epithelium that lines most of the closed body cavities (pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities) is called ______

A

Mesothelium

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52
Q

A type of Epithelium that lines blood and lymph vessels is called ______

A

Endothelium

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53
Q

Free surfaces are covered by epithelium EXCEPT in _____. Synovial membranes and bursae of these regions are covered by modified _______ cells.

A

joints

connective tissue

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54
Q

Functions of Epthelium include _____, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, ________

A

protection (keratinized)

absorbtion (digestive system - simple columnar)

secretion (simple cuboidal)

Surface transport (simple squamous)

Sensory reception (Nuroepithelium)

Separates body into compartments (simple squamous)

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55
Q

Epithelium forms ______ barriers (organizes body structure)

A

histologic

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56
Q

Criteria used to classify Epithelium

1) Number of layers
2) ______

A

The shape of cells at the topmost layer (squamous, cuboidal, columnar, etc)

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57
Q

Keratinized cells are _____

A

dead (epidermis of skin)

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58
Q

nonkeratinized cells are _____ & _______

A

alive, have nuclei (Esophagus)

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59
Q

The outermost layer of the membrane surrounding the heart is called the _____

A

Fibrous pericardium

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60
Q

Type of CNS cell that functions in cleaning cellular debris is called ____

A

Microglia

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61
Q

The cells which release both heparin and histamine granules are called _____

A

Mast Cells

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62
Q

Synovial joins are a type of ______

A

closed cavity

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63
Q

This connective tissue cell type produces both fibers and ground substance within connective tissue proper is called ______

A

Fibroblast

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64
Q

Fibrocyte, thrombocyte, mast cell, and reticular cells are all found in ______

A

connective tissue

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65
Q

______ are a type of membrane specializations that occur in large numbers within intercalated disks

A

GAP junctions

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66
Q

Muscles are attached to a bone by a/an _____

A

tendon

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67
Q

A ____ attaches bone to bone

A

ligament

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68
Q

A malignant change in cartilage tissue is called a ______

A

sarcoma

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69
Q

Loose irregular tissue plays an important role in ______ and composes fascia

A

water storage

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70
Q

______ is a type of connective tissue that is largely responsible for the protection of the abdominal organs

A

adipose tissue

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71
Q

Lining the small intestines is ________

A

simple columnar epithelium

72
Q

Wrapping of tonofilaments with hyaline protein is associated most closely with _____

A

stratum granulosum

73
Q

_________ produces the myelin covering on neuronal axons

A

Oligodendrocytes

74
Q

The yellow cartilage which makes up the framework of the external ear is referred to as _______

A

Elastic

75
Q

Plasma cells are specialized connective tissue cells associated with _______

A

Antibody formation

76
Q

______ forms the periosteum

A

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

77
Q

________ composes the iris of the eye

A

pigmented connective tissue

78
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

An apocrine type sweat gland would be found in large numbers in skin of the forehead

A

False

79
Q

A connective tissue type which contains argyrophilic fibers is called ______

A

Reticular Connective tissue

80
Q

A component of blood which actually consists of a cell fragment and functions in clotting is called _______ and _______

A

Platelet, Thrombocyte

81
Q

The portion of hair which projects above the scalp is called the _______

A

shaft

82
Q

Psoriasis is largely due to a malfunction in the regulation of ______ of skin

A

rate of cell division

83
Q

_________ is the change in cells that occurs as they move farther away from their blood supply in certain epithelial tissues

A

Cytomorphosis

84
Q

The cell type which makes up the taste buds is specifically referred to as __________

A

Neruoepithelium

85
Q

Epithelial tissues are generally described as avascular because __________

A

No room for blood vessels to run

86
Q

Generally bacterial enzymes are going to attack _________, a ground matrix component

A

Hyaluronic acid

87
Q

_________ are important for skin integrity and create the epidermal ridge or fingerprint

A

Dermal papillae

88
Q

The _______ secretes part of “acid mantle”

A

Sebaceous gland

89
Q

________ is responsible for fine touch perception

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

90
Q

__________ attach to hair follicles

A

Arrector pili muscle

91
Q

________ are deep pressure sensors

A

Paccinnian corpuscle

92
Q

Facial lesions referred to as “impetigo” occur due to an infection by _______ bacteria

A

Staphlococcus

93
Q

In wound healing granulation tissue is located in the __________ and is generated largely by ____________

A

Dermis, fibroblasts

94
Q

Exocrine glands are classified by their _______

A

structure

95
Q

Endocrine glands associate with the ________ system in __________ tissue

A

vascular, connective

96
Q

Endocrine glands secrete directly into the ______ while exocrine glands secret into ________

A

bloodstream, ducts

97
Q

Insulin is a type of ______ cell

A

Islet

98
Q

Acini cells are a type of _______ enzyme

A

digestive

99
Q

A _______ is a malignant change in epithelial tissue

A

Carcinoma

100
Q

__________ tissue has relatively few cells and a large amount of intercellular substance. Composed of closely packed fibers

A

connective

101
Q

Loose connective tissue made up of a framework of reticular fibers that provides a supportive framework for soft organs describes ________

A

Reticular tissue

102
Q

Tissue that consists of collagenous fibers packed into parallel bundles describes _______

A

Dense regular connective tissue

103
Q

Tissue that consists of collagenous fibers interwoven into a mesh-like network describes ________

A

Dense irregular connective

104
Q

_________ are the most numerous connective tissue cell type that produce fibers and ground substance

A

Fibroblasts

105
Q

______ or ______ are the second most numerous cell type, multinucleated foreign body giant cell. Carries out phagocytosis of debris

A

Macrophages, Histocytes

106
Q

_______ cells contain granules that contain Heparin and Histamine

A

Mast

107
Q

______ cells digest mucous membrane, connective tissue of blood-forming organs, and produce antibodies

A

Plasma

108
Q

The intercellular substance of connective tissue is like _____

A

soft gel

109
Q

The ground substance of ______ is firm yet flexible and may be readily cut

A

cartilage

110
Q

The ground substance of ______ is rigid because of the deposition of inorganic calcium salts in the matrix

A

Bone

111
Q

________ is vascular and feeds all other tissue types

A

connective tissue

112
Q

________ fibers are flexible but not elastic, composed of a macromolecule (tropocollagen), and are thick large fibers that do not branch

A

Collagenous

113
Q

______ fibers are small branching fibers that form a supportive framework, composed of the protein reticulin, and are argyrophilic – turn black in the presence of silver stain

A

Reticular

114
Q

_______ fibers branch and anastomose freely form networks, composed of a protein called elastin, produced by fibroblasts but may be made by smooth muscle cells in walls of arteries, very elastic in nature

A

Elastic

115
Q

Connective tissue ground substance is a ________ gel

A

Amorphous

116
Q

mucopolysaccharide in connective tissue ground substance is composed of two componets, _________ and _________

A

Hyaluronic acid, and Chondroitin Sulfate

117
Q

_______ cells produce connective tissue proper

A

Fibroblasts

118
Q

Connective tissue proper has a high amount of _______

A

fibers

119
Q

_______ tissue plays an extremely important role in limiting the spread of localized infections and in the healing process as well as water storage

A

Loose Irregular connective

120
Q

_______ tissue is a loose connective tissue that consists of fat cells with little extracellular matrix. It stores fat for energy and provides insulation

A

Adipose

121
Q

Chondrocytes are located in spaces called ______ in the cartilage’s solid ground substance

A

lacunae

122
Q

______ cartilage has low density of fibers

A

Hyaline

123
Q

______ cartilages attach the rib cage to the sternum

A

Costal

124
Q

Calcified ground substance composed of solid crystals of hydroxyapatite is called ______

A

bone

125
Q

the 2 types of bone are ______ and _____

A

Spongy, Dense

126
Q

Blood is a type of ______ tissue composed of cells and plasma

A

connective

127
Q

Cells of the nervous system are ______, _______, and ________

A

Astrocytes (forms the blood-brain barrier), Oligodendroglia (attach neurons together), Microglia (clean up and debris)

128
Q

Malignancy of connective tissue is called a ______

A

sarcoma

129
Q

Nervous tissue is composed of 2 types of cells, ______ and ______

A

Neuroglial cells, and Neurons

130
Q

An epithelium resting on its connective tissue describes a _______

A

membrane

131
Q

Connective tissue membranes include synovial membranes and _______ membranes which include mucous membranes, serous membranes, and the cutaneous membrane (thick skin)

A

Epithelial

132
Q

What type of membrane is this?

A

Mucous membrane

133
Q

What type of membrane is this?

A

Serous membrane

134
Q

What type of membrane is this?

A

Cutaneous membrane

135
Q

What type of membrane is this?

A

Synovial membrane

136
Q

Is thin or thick skin

A

Thick

137
Q

Is this thin or thick skin

A

thin

138
Q

The epidermis has 5 layers: the ________, __________, _________, _________, and _________

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

139
Q

The _________ is the top most layer of skin and is composed of spaced dead cells filled with keratin

A

Stratum corneum

140
Q

The ________ is a clear zone of very flat compact cells full of keratin

A

stratum lucidum

141
Q

The ________ is a layer of dark, dying granulated cells

A

Stratum Granulosum

142
Q

The ________ is composed of dying cells as they move away from their food source in dermis

A

Stratum spinosum

143
Q

The _______ contains mitotic living cells

A

Stratum germinativum

144
Q

Three pigments contribute to skin color: 1) ______ for yellow, brown, and black pigmentations. 2) ________ for orange pigmentations. 3) The amount of ________ bound to hemoglobin

A

Melanin, Carotene, Oxygen

145
Q

Reddening of the skin due to inflammation is called _______

A

erythema

146
Q

Skin turning blue is called ______

A

cyanosis

147
Q

skin turning a yellow/orange color is called ______

A

juandice

148
Q

pallor is described as skin having a ______ color to it

A

white

149
Q

________ are defined as blood vessels are broken underneath skin

A

bruises

150
Q

Individuals with ______ experience depigmentation that results in lighter colored patches of skin

A

Vitiligo

151
Q

The common appendages of skin are ________, _________, and ________

A

(1) Cutaneous glands, (2) hairs and hair follicles, (3) nails and nail bed

152
Q

Sebaceous glands are also called _____ glands

A

oil

153
Q

Sebaceous glands are found all over the skin except for _________

A

the palms of the hands and soles of feet

154
Q

sebaceous gland ducts usually open into _______ follicles and oil surfaces around the hair

A

hair

155
Q

Sebaceous glands make ______ which functions as a lubricant to keep skin soft and moist and it contains chemical to kill bacteria

A

sebum

156
Q

The 2 types of sweat glands are ______ and ______

A

eccrine, apocrine

157
Q

________ is the most abundant sweat gland. Sweat is secreted through a pore on surface of skin

A

eccrine

158
Q

________ sweat glands are confined to axially and genital areas of the body; their ducts empty into hair follicles. Activated during pain, stress, and sexual activity.

A

Apocrine

159
Q

Part of the hair enclosed in the follicle is called the ______

A

root

160
Q

Hair is formed by cell division in the ______ layer of the stratum germinativum in a zone called the ________ and as it grows further away from the food source, the cells die and fill with protein.

A

basal, hair bulb matrix

161
Q

Hair pigments are made by ______

A

melanocytes

162
Q

Hair follicles are composed of an inner layer called the _______ sheath, that forms the hair, and an outer layer called the ______ sheath, that feeds and protects forming hair

A

epithelial, dermal

163
Q

The _______ muscle can pull hair upright in cold or frightening moments

A

arrector pili

164
Q

A ______ is a scalelike modification of the epidermis

A

nail

165
Q

A nail has a ______, a ________, and a _______

A

free edge, body, root

166
Q

the thick proximal nail is commonly called the ______

A

cuticle

167
Q

The basal layer of the stratum granulosum extends beneath the nail as the nail bed and its thicken proximal area is called the nail ______

A

matrix

168
Q

As nails grow they move further and further away from their food supply, they die and fill with keratin. Giving them a ______ texture than hair

A

harder

169
Q

Nails are transparent and colorless with the exception of the thickened nail matrix that appears as a white crescent called the ______

A

lunula

170
Q

_________ is a common skin disorder that presents as a red, flaky rash

A

Eczema

171
Q

ABSCDs of Melanoma

A -

B -

C -

D -

A

A - Asymmetrical

B - Bordered

C - Uneven Coloration

D - Diameter > 6mm

172
Q

________ is a result of over-productive sebaceous glands, which leads to formation of blackheads and inflammation of skin

A

acne

173
Q

What type of cancer is this?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (20%)

174
Q

What type of cancer is this

A

Basal cell carcinoma (78%)

175
Q

What type of cancer is this?

A

Malignant melanoma (2%)

Anatomy (17 decks)

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