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GEOS-101 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

how steep a river’s slope is

A

Gradient

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2
Q

how much water does a river hold

A

Discharge

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3
Q

where a river meets the sea

A

Delta

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4
Q

straight channels in a narrow valley or slot canyon slopes; prone to flash floods

A

Young river

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5
Q

gently curved channels in wider floodplains; prone to ice-jam floods

A

Mature river

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6
Q

extremely curved channels in very wide floodplains; prone to levee-burst floods

A

Old-age river

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7
Q

made of loose mud that compacts and sink

A

Deltas

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8
Q

piles of loose sand that wash away in hurricanes

A

Barrier islands

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9
Q

Sun and Moon both pull tides higher at the same time

A

King tides

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10
Q

caused by king tides

A

Sunny-day floods

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11
Q

bulge of water created by hurricanes

A

Storm surges

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12
Q

shock waves created by undersea earthquakes or landslides

A

Tsunami

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13
Q

water vapor rises from the ocean

A

Evaporation

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14
Q

wind moves through the atmosphere

A

Circulation

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15
Q

water condenses and falls back to the ground

A

Precipitation

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16
Q

water flows through rocks and soils back to rivers, lakes, and ocean

A

Groundwater flow

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17
Q

tiny holes in rocks and soil where water flows

A

Pores

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18
Q

rain soaks into the ground

A

Recharge

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19
Q

groundwater comes out at the surface

A

Discharge

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20
Q

how much empty space is present

A

Porosity

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21
Q

how well are the pores connected to each other

A

Permeability

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22
Q

any rock or sediment that can carry water (high permeability, high porosity)

A

Aquifer

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23
Q

may store water, but can’t allow it to move (low permeability)

A

Aquiclude

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24
Q

wet zone formed when groundwater flows out from a hillside

A

Seep

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25
Q

groundwater focused in a fracture or bedding plane

A

Spring

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26
Q

thin zone of wet rocks above the real water table

A

Perched water table

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27
Q

water table is lowered by pumping from a water well

A

Cone of depression

28
Q

boundary between damp rocks (unsaturated zone) and wet rocks (saturated zone)

A

Water table

29
Q

area where the water table lies right at the ground surface

A

Wetland

30
Q

landscape formed by dissolution of limestone and other soluble rocks

A

Karst

31
Q

rivers that flow down into caves

A

Sinking streams

32
Q

collapsed cave

A

Sinkholes

33
Q

cold air sinks and dries out

A

High pressure

34
Q

warm air rises and water condenses out

A

Low pressure

35
Q

formed by global bands of high air pressure

A

Subtropical deserts

36
Q

cold, dry areas of high pressure at the poles

A

Polar deserts

37
Q

caused by mountains blocking rising air (orographic effect)

A

Rain-shadow deserts

38
Q

formed in the center of large continents or supercontinents

A

Interior deserts

39
Q

caused by cold ocean currents that create fog rather than rain

A

Coastal deserts

40
Q

sand-blasted rock formations

A

Ventifacts

41
Q

larger pebbles left behind as wind blows dust and sand away

A

Desert pavements

42
Q

dry thunderstorms that pick up sand and silt

A

Haboob

43
Q

a body of ice that flows downhill

A

Glaciers

44
Q

snow that has compacted and becomes solid

A

Firn

45
Q

snow piles up at the head (upper end) of a glacier

A

Accumulation

46
Q

ice melts and sediment drops out at the toe (lower end) of a glacier

A

Ablation

47
Q

glacier grows longer as climate cools

A

Advance

48
Q

glacier shrinks as climate warms

A

Retreat

49
Q

small ‘baby’ glacier in a mountain hollow

A

Cirque glacier

50
Q

river of ice flowing between mountains

A

Valley glacier

51
Q

blanket of ice over a mountain range, carving them into sharp ‘horns

A

Ice caps

52
Q

valley glaciers that reach a lake or ocean

A

Fjord glaciers

53
Q

spread out into an icy fan at the foot of mountains

A

Piedmont glaciers

54
Q

enormous blankets of ice that cover large parts of continents

A

Ice sheets

55
Q

ridge formed by glacial sediment

A

Moraine

56
Q

unsorted, messy sediment dropped by glaciers

A

Till

57
Q

any time when large ice sheets exist

A

Ice age

58
Q

shorter warm periods between glaciations

A

Interglacials

59
Q

times when ice sheets advance to cover wide areas

A

Glaciations

60
Q

changes in shape or angle of the Earth’s orbit

A

Orbital cycles

61
Q

lower levels of carbon dioxide cool the climate

A

Reverse greenhouse

62
Q

dust, ash, and smoke block sunlight

A

Global dimming

63
Q

the color of the ground surface either reflects or absorbs light energy

A

Albedo

64
Q

long-term average of weather

A

Climate

65
Q

warm and mild, no ice, high carbon dioxide levels

A

Greenhouse climate

66
Q

poles are cold, lots of ice, low carbon dioxide levels

A

Icehouse climate

GEOS-101 (36 decks)

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