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Bio 281: A&P > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaining a stable internal environment despite external conditions

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2
Q

components of feedback systems

A

stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector

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3
Q

negative feedback

A

most common
keep the system near its set point
change in one direction causes a response opposite that direction
temperature, blood Ca+2 levels, BP

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4
Q

positive feedback system

A

not homeostatic
response reinforced the stimulus
requires an outside stimulus to stop the response
labor and childbirth, blood clotting

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5
Q

ventral body cavities

A

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

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6
Q

dorsal body cavity

A

cranial and vertebral cavity

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7
Q

thoracic cavity

A

pleural cavity

mediastinum (pericardial)

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8
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

abdominal and pelvic cavity

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9
Q

frontal plane

A

front and back

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10
Q

sagittal plane

A

right and left

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11
Q

midsagittal

A

symmetrical right and left

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12
Q

transverse plane

A

top and bottom

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13
Q

superior

A

toward the head

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14
Q

inferior

A

away from the head

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15
Q

ventral/anterior

A

toward the front

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16
Q

dorsal/posterior

A

toward the back

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17
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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18
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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19
Q

proximal

A

close to the point of attachment

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20
Q

distal

A

further from the point of attachment

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21
Q

superficial

A

towards the body surface

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22
Q

deep

A

away from the body surface

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23
Q

3 elements of biomolecules

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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24
Q

4 biomolecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleotides

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25
Q

carbohydrates

A

most abundant
glucose C6H12O6
monosaccharides-simple sugars; 5-6 carbons
-ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, galactose, fructose
disaccharides-double sugars via dehydration synthesis
-sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), maltose (glucose + glucose)
polysaccharide- glycogen, starch, cellulose
fuels ATP production
cell-cell recognition
structural

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26
Q

lipids

A

non-polar and not water-soluble

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids

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27
Q

triglycerides

A

glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acid tails
saturate-contain only single covalent bonds, fats are solids at room temp
unsaturated-1+ double covalent bonds, liquids at room temp
energy storage, insulation, cushioning

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28
Q

phospholipids

A

modified triglycerides with phosphate and 2 fatty acid tails
amphipathic, heads are hydrophilic and tails are hydrophobic
create phospholipids bilayer

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29
Q

steroids

A 
4-linked carbon rings
cholesterol-most important
stabilize cell membranes
required for vitamin D synthesis
steroid hormones
required for the production of bile salts
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30
Q

eicosanoids

A

modified 20-carbon fatty acids
thromboxanes-blood clotting
leukotrienes-inflammation
prostaglandins-smooth muscle contractions

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31
Q

proteins

A 
polymers of amino acids
primary-strands
secondary-alpha helix or beta-sheet
tertiary-3D shape
quarternary-several chains together
structural-mechanical support
enzymes
transport, contractile, communication, defensive
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32
Q

enzymes

A

biological catalysts
speed up reactions without themselves being altered
decreases activation energy of a system
substrate (ligand) binds to the active site, catalyzes, and forms products

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33
Q

nucleotides

A

phosphate group, 5-carbon, base

ATP, ADP, cAMP, DNA, RNA

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34
Q

DNA

A 
deoxyribose
double-stranded
A, T, C, G
genetic information
in the nucleus
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35
Q

RNA

A 
ribose
single-stranded
A, U, G, C
codes for protein synthesis
in the nucleus and cytoplasm
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36
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
does not require ATP
occurs along a concentration gradient
continues until equilibrium
takes place across a semi-permeable membrane

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37
Q

factors affecting diffusion

A

molecules lipid solubility
molecules size
lipid composition of the membrane

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38
Q

rate of diffusion is faster if

A 
membrane surface area is larger
membrane is thinner
concentration gradient is larger
the membrane is permeable to the molecule
temperature is increase
molecular size is smaller
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39
Q

osmosis

A

net diffusion of a solvent (water) through a selectively permeable membrane
water will move to the side with the most OAPs
-osmotically active particles-nonpenetrating solutes
-does not diffuse thru the membrane

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40
Q

tonicity

A

a measure of solutions ability to change cell shape by promoting osmosis
isotonic-same concentration of OAPs in solution and in the cell, no shape change
hypertonic-more OAPs in solution than the cell, water leaves the cell, the cell will shrink
hypotonic-less OAPs in solution than the cell, water enters the cell, the cell will swell and lyse

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41
Q

active transport processes

A

requires ATP
molecules being moved against a concentration gradient
primary active, secondary active, vesicular transport

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42
Q

primary active transport

A

sodium-potassium pump

3 Na move out and 2 K move in

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43
Q

secondary active transport (cotransport)

A

gradients created by primary pumps store energy
as particles leak back into their original position they drag other substances with them
symport-move in the same direction (Na and glucose)
antiport-opposite direction (Na and K pump)

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44
Q

vesicular transport

A

use membrane-bound vesicles to move bulk substances into or out of the cell
endocytosis-movement of material into the cell
-phagocytosis-cell eating
-pinocytosis-cell drinking
exocytosis-movement of material out of the cell

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45
Q

phospholipid bilayer anatomy

A

polar heads
non-polar tails
cholesterol in between makes the membrane impermeable
-stiffens the molecule

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46
Q

semi-permeable

A

allows only certain substance to pass
non-polar moves via simple diffusion
polar move with proteins

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47
Q

mitosis

A

parent cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells
prophase-chromatin condenses nucleus fragments, spindle apparatus forms
metaphase-chromosomes line up in the middle
anaphase-sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides, cytokinesis begins
telophase-chromatin uncoils, nucleus reforms, spindle apparatus disappears

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48
Q

epithelia

A 
line free surface of the body
any substance entering or leaving the body must cross this
cellular, little matrix, avascular
anchored via basement membrane
leaky and tight
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49
Q

simple squamous location

A

blood vessel,s heart

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50
Q

simple cuboidal location

A

kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, thyroid

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51
Q

simple columnar location

A

lines GI tract

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52
Q

pseudostratified ciliated columnar location

A

respiratory passageway

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53
Q

stratified squamous keratinized location

A

epidermis of skin

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54
Q

stratified squamous non-keratinized location

A

mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus

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55
Q

transitional location

A

bladder, uterus, urethra

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56
Q

stratified cuboidal location

A

sweat, mammary, and ovarian follicles

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57
Q

connective tissue

A

extensive extracellular matrix with widely scattered cells that secrete and modify the matrix

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58
Q

collagen

A

most abundant CT

flexible but inelastic

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59
Q

elastin

A

allows stretching and recoil

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60
Q

reticular

A

thin, short, branching collagen fibers

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61
Q

areolar CT

A

loose CT
lots of matrices
fibroblasts, macrophages
forms lamina propria, packages organs, surrounds capillaries

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62
Q

adipose CT

A

loose CT
little matrix, lots of cells, highly vascular
triglyceride storage, insulation, supports and protects organs

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63
Q

reticular CT

A

loose CT
network of reticular fibers and reticulocytes
forms stroma for soft organs
lymph nodes, spleen, red bone marrow

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64
Q

dense regular CT

A

parallel bundles of collagen with little ground substance
resists pulling forces
ligaments and tendons

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65
Q

dense irregular CT

A

fibers run in many places

the dermis of the skin and joint capsules

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66
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most abundant
supportive, reduce friction, compression forces
ends of long bones, costal cartilages, nose, trachea, larynx

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67
Q

elastic cartilage

A

allows flexibility while maintaining shape

external ear and epiglottis

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68
Q

fibrocartilage

A

lots of collagen
shock absorber
pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, the meniscus of the knee

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69
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attached to the skeleton, generate movement and heat

striated, multinucleated, voluntary

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70
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

heart propels blood

striated, branched, uninucleate, intercalated discs, involuntary

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71
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

walls of hollow organs

fusiform, uninucleate, lack striations, involuntary

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72
Q

nervous tissue

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves
transmit electrical impulses
neurons and glial cells

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73
Q

layers of the epidermis

A

stratum basale-actively mitotic stem cells on top of the basement membrane contain melanocytes
stratum spinosum-keratinocytes, dendritic cells
stratum granulosum-3-5 layers of flattened cells, keratinization takes place, granules
stratum lucidum-thick skin only in palms and feet, dead keratinocytes
stratum corneum-20-30 layers of dead cells, protect

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74
Q

layers of dermis

A

papillary layer-superficial, areolar CT
-dermal papillae-projections into the epidermis, blood vessels, and Meisner’s corpuscles, fingerprints, create friction
reticular layer-dense irregular CT, tension lines

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75
Q

sweat glands

A

eccrine-most numerous, empty through a pore, palms, soles of feet, forehead, thermoregulation
apocrine-empty into a hair follicle, axilla, and anogenital region

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76
Q

sebaceous glands

A

located in the head, face, neck, chest

secrete sebum into a hair follicle

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77
Q

hair

A

shaft-part we see, keratinized
root-embedded, undergoing keratinization
follicle-invagination of the epidermis into the dermis
melanocytes for color

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78
Q

nails

A

protection and tools

free edge, body, root

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79
Q

long bone

A

longer than wide
humerus, femur, radius, ulna
diaphysis-shaft, compact bone, yellow bone marrow
epiphysis-ends of the long bone
spongy bone-houses red bone marrow
periosteum-CT surrounding outside of the bone
endosteum-CT lining medullary cavity

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80
Q

histology of compact bone

A

osteons
the center contains nerves and blood vessels connected via Volkman’s canals
osteocytes in lacunae that communicate via canaliculi
concentric lamellae-rings of osteons
vascularized

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81
Q

intramembranous ossification

A 
formation of flat bones from mesenchymal tissue
forms ossification center
-cluster of mesenchymal cells = osteoblasts
osteoid secreted and calcified 
-osteocytes
spongy bone and periosteum form
-create trabeculae
compact bone replaces the spongy bone
-redbone marrow forms
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82
Q

endochondral ossification

A

forms bone from hyaline cartilage
bony collar around the hyaline model
-osteoblasts secrete osteoid
central cartilage calcified
-chondrocytes die
-cartilage that’s healthy elongates
periosteal bud invades the internal cavity and spongy bone forms
-osteoclasts erode calcified matrix
-osteoblasts secrete osteoid = trabeculae
diaphysis elongates and the medullary cavity forms
secondary ossification center at the epiphysis
-no medullary cavity formed
-cartilage remains between epiphysis and diaphysis forming epiphyseal plate

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83
Q

maintaining blood calcium homeostasis

A

?

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84
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

?

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85
Q

fibrous joint

A 
joined by fibrous CT
no movement
sutures of the skull
syndesmosis or radius/ulna and tibia/fibula
gomphosis-teeth
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86
Q

cartilaginous joint

A 
joined by cartilage
synchondrosis-connected via hyaline
-between diaphysis and epiphysis, no movement
symphysis-connected via fibrocartilage
-pubic symphysis, little movement
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87
Q

synovial joint

A

freely movable

shoulder, knee, hip

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88
Q

flexion

A

decrese angle

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89
Q

extension

A

increase the angle

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90
Q

hyperextension

A

increasing angle beyond 180

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91
Q

abduction

A

away from the midline

92
Q

adduction

A

towards the midline

93
Q

rotation

A

pivot around a central axis

94
Q

pronation

A

rotation of forearms so palms face posteriorly

95
Q

supination

A

roation of forearms so palms face anteriorly

96
Q

eversion

A

turning sole of the foot outward

97
Q

inversion

A

turning sole of the foot inward

98
Q

plantarflexion

A

Tippie toes

99
Q

dorsiflexion

A

pointing toes to the ceiling

100
Q

protraction

A

anterior movement in the transverse plane

101
Q

retraction

A

posterior movement in the transverse plane

102
Q

elevation

A

lift body part superiorly

103
Q

depression

A

moving body part inferiorly

104
Q

circumduction

A

inscribe a cone with an appendage

105
Q

opposition

A

touch thumb to tips of the other fingers

106
Q

resting membrane potential

A

more Na outside of the cell

more K inside of the cell

107
Q

membrane potential generation

A

stimulus fired off
depolarization-decrease or loss of membrane potential inside becomes less negative
hyperpolarization-increase in membrane potential inside becomes more negative
repolarization-return to RMP

108
Q

the sequence of events in an action potential

A

graded potential reaches axon hillock and hyperpolarize the membrane (-55)
depolarization of membrane opens voltage-gated Na
channels, the influx of Na, inside is now +30
K channels open, K moves out of the cell = repolarization
some K channels remain open = hyperpolarization, K
efflux, Na channels reset

109
Q

type of signals for potentials

A

GP: input signal
AP: conduction signal

110
Q

where potentials occur

A

GP: dendrites or cell body
AP: axon hillock

111
Q

distance traveled for signals

A

GP: short, local potentials
AP: long

112
Q

types of gated ion channels involved

A

GP: Na, Cl, Ca+2
AP: Na and K

113
Q

strength of the signal

A

GP: depends on stimulus
AP: always the same

114
Q

mechanism of synaptic transmission

A

AP arrives at the axon terminal
voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open and enter the cell
Ca+2 causes neurotransmitters to be exocytosed into the
synaptic cleft
neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the post-synaptic
membrane, opens ion channels
stopped by Ach binding to neurotransmitters

115
Q

glial cells

A

forms scaffolding for neurons

mitotic

116
Q

catecholamines

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

117
Q

indoleamine

A

serotonin, histamine

118
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter

A

causes a depolarization (EPSP)

119
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

causes a hyperpolarization (IPSP)

120
Q

direct/ionotrophic neurotransmitter

A

open chemically gated channels

Ach and amino acid

121
Q

indirect/metabotrophic neurotransmitter

A

second messenger systems (cAMP)

122
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

integrates sensory and motor info

123
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

spinal and cranial nerves

ganglia and sensory receptors

124
Q

astrocytes

A

star-shaped
most abundant
forms blood-brain barrier

125
Q

microglia

A

orid cells with a long thorny process

a specialized type of macrophage

126
Q

ependymal cells

A

lines cavities within the brain and spinal cord

127
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

forms myelin sheath in CNS

128
Q

satellite cells

A

like astrocytes

129
Q

schwann cells

A

form myelin sheath in PNS

130
Q

meninges

A

three CT layers that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord
contains CSF

131
Q

dura mater

A

outermost

separates to form dural venous sinus

132
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle, web-like layer

contains blood vessels serving the brain

133
Q

pia mater

A

innermost, intimate with nervous tissue

134
Q

cerebrum

A

the most superior portion of the brain
83% of total brain mass
grey matter-outside, neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons
white matter-glial cells, myelinated and unmyelinated axons

135
Q

cerebral cortex function

A

conscious mind

perceive, communicate, remember, understand, and initiate voluntary movements

136
Q

primary somatic motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

conscious control of voluntary movements

137
Q

pre-motor area

A

anterior to the precentral gyrus

control repetitious or patterned learned motor skills

138
Q

Broca’s area

A

motor speech area controlling muscles used in speech production
inferior left frontal lobe

139
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

info from somatic sensory receptors and proprioception

140
Q

somatosensory association cortex

A

integrate sensory inputs to comprehend objects being felt

141
Q

primary visual area

A

vision, info from the retina

142
Q

olfactory cortex

A

smell, olfaction

143
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

sound

144
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

higher intellectual activity, personality, judgment, planning

145
Q

posterior association area

A

awareness of yourself in surroundings

146
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

written and spoken language

147
Q

limbic association area

A

emotions

148
Q

diencephalon

A

the central grey matter of the forebrain
3 structures surrounding 3rd ventricle
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

149
Q

thalamus

A

major sensory integration and relay station, all sensory fibers except smell synapse here

150
Q

hypothalamus

A 
maintain homeostasis
autonomic control center, center for emotional response, body temp regulation
regulate food intake, water, and thirst
regulate sleep-wake
control of the endocrine system
151
Q

epithalamus

A

the pineal gland which releases melatonin

sleep-inducing signal, help regulate sleep-wake cycles with the hypothalamus

152
Q

midbrain

A

cerebral peduncles

pain suppression and links amygdala to fight or flight pathway

153
Q

pons

A

connect higher brain structures and spinal cord

control normal breathing rhythms

154
Q

medulla oblongata

A

adjust force and rate of heart contractions
regulate BP
control rate and depth of breathing
regulate vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, coughing, sneezing

155
Q

metencephalon

A

brain stem: pons and cerebellum

156
Q

myelencephalon

A

brain stem: medulla oblongata

157
Q

limbic system

A

emotional or affective brain
the upper part of the brainstem
cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon

158
Q

reticular activating system

A

all ascending sensory tracts synapse here to keep us conscious and awake
filters our unnecessary stimuli

159
Q

flow of CSF

A

lateral ventricles - interventricular foramen - third ventricle - cerebral aqueduct - fourth ventricle - central canal of the spinal cord or median and lateral apertures - subarachnoid space - arachnoid villi - superior sagittal sinus

160
Q

CN I olfactory

A

olfaction

161
Q

CN II optic

A

vision

162
Q

CN III oculomotor

A

motor to extrinsic eye muscles

parasympathetic to iris of the eye

163
Q

CN IV trochlear

A

motor to extrinsic eye muscle

164
Q

CN V trigeminal

A

primary sensory nerve from face and head

motor to muscles of mastication

165
Q

CN VI abducens

A

motor to extrinsic eye muscles

166
Q

CN VII facial

A

motor to the muscles of facial expression
parasympathetic to lacrimal and salivary glands
taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue

167
Q

CN VIII vestibulocochlear

A

hearing and equilibrium

168
Q

CN IX glossopharyngeal

A

motor to tongue and pharynx
parasympathetic to salivary glands
taste and general sensation from the tongue

169
Q

CN X vagus

A

parasympathetic fibers to the thoracic and abdominal organs
taste from the posterior tongue
sensory from thoracic and abdominal viscera

170
Q

CN XI accessory

A

motor to the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and pharynx

171
Q

CN XII hypoglossal

A

motor to the tongue, speech, and chewing

172
Q

anatomy of the spinal cord

A

extends from the foramen magnum to L2
protected by the vertebral column, meninges, CSF, and fat
31 pairs of spinal nerves

173
Q

histology of the spinal cord

A

grey matter-butterfly shaped in cross-section
central canal
ventral and dorsal horns
white matter-connect nerve tracts, columns

174
Q

pathway of a spinal reflex

A

receptor recognize the stimulus
respond to stimuli inside or outside the body
sensory/afferent neuron transmits the afferent impulse to CNS
integration center- brain or spinal cord
the motor neuron conducts efferent impulse to the effector organ
effector organ-gland or muscle

175
Q

ascending pathways

A

conduct sensory/afferent impulses
enter spinal cord and travel to the brain via 3 neuron chain
1st order neuron enter spinal cord or brain stem
2nd order neuron has soma in the spinal cord or medullary nucleus
-transmit the impulse to the thalamus or cerebellum
-decussate
3rd order neuron cell bodies in the thalamus
-travel to the somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum

176
Q

descending pathway

A 
conduct motor/efferent impulse
deliver signals from the brain or spinal cord to the effector tissue
upper and lower neurons
direct/pyramidal 
indirect/extrapyramidal
177
Q

somatic nervous system

A 
cell body in the anterior horn of the spinal cord
1 neurotransmitter- Ach
excitatory response
myelinated axons
skeletal muscle
178
Q

sympathetic nerve chain

A

lightly myelinated
Ach - unmyelinated - norepinephrine; glands, smooth or cardiac muscle
stimulatory or inhibitory effect
adrenal medulla route of Ach to NE/E

179
Q

parasympathetic nerve chain

A

lightly myelinated - Ach- unmyelinated - Ach
glands, smooth or cardiac muscles
stimulatory or inhibitory effect

180
Q

sympathetic division

A

fight or flight
widespread, many organs affected
long-lasting
help cope with stress… not essential to life

181
Q

parasympathetic division

A

rest and digest
localized to 1 organ
responses are brief, Achesterase quickly breaks down Ach
essential to maintain homeostasis

182
Q

affect on the head

A

S: dilate pupil, decrease lacrimal, salivary, and nasal secretions
P: contract pupils, increase secretions

183
Q

affect on the lungs

A

S: dilate bronchioles
P: constrict bronchioles

184
Q

affect on the heart

A

S: increase HR and force of contraction, vasodilation of coronary vessels
P: slows HR, decrease HR

185
Q

affect on the liver

A

S: increased rate of glycogenolysis
P: increase glucose uptake from blood

186
Q

affect on the GI tract

A

S: relax smooth muscles in walls of organs, contract sphincters, decrease secretions
P: increase motility, dilate sphincters, increase secretions

187
Q

affect on the kidneys

A

S: vasoconstriction, decrease blood flow and urine output
P: norma urine output

188
Q

affect on the bladder

A

S: relax smooth muscles, contract sphincters, inhibits peeing
P: contract bladder, relax the sphincter, promotes peeing

189
Q

affect on the sex organs

A

S: ejaculation of seminal fluid, contract preggo uterus, contraction of the vagina
P: erection, vasodilation, increase vaginal lubrication, dilate

190
Q

affect on the blood vessel

A

S: vasodilation in skeletal muscle, liver, heart, adipose tissue, vasoconstriction elsewhere
P: vasodilation

191
Q

affect on the sweat glands

A

S: increased sweating
P: decreased sweating

192
Q

affect on the arrector pili muscles

A

S: contraction
P: dilation

193
Q

affect on adipose tissue

A

S: increase lipolysis
P: N/A

194
Q

actin

A

thin

195
Q

troponin

A

regulatory protein

binds to actin, tropomyosin, or Ca+2

196
Q

tropomyosin

A

regulatory proteins
stiffen actin backbone
inhibit binding of actin to myosin at rest

197
Q

myosin

A

thick

has ATP binding site

198
Q

know sarcomere

A

image

199
Q

z-lines

A

attach to actin

define sarcomere boundaries

200
Q

i-band

A

actin only

201
Q

a-band

A

actin and myosin

202
Q

h-zone

A

center of a-band

myosin only

203
Q

m-line

A

the dark center of h-zone

204
Q

excitation-contraction coupling

A

AP leads to sliding of myofilaments
AP along t-tubule, release Ca+2 into the sarcoplasm
Ca+2 binds to troponin, removing tropomyosin
myosin can attach to actin, cross-bridge cycle begins

205
Q

contraction cycle

A

cross-bridge from between actin and myosin
Powerstroke by ADP and PI being released
myosin heads swivel and pulls actin towards the center, ATP site exposed
ATP binds and breaks crossbridge
continue until it runs out of Ca+2 or ATP

206
Q

latent phase

A

no measure response but all excitation-contraction coupling

AP generation

207
Q

contraction phase

A

onset, the peak of shortening

208
Q

relaxation phase

A

contractile force no longer generated

209
Q

length-tension relationship

A

the initial strength of sarcomere has a big effect on the amount of tension it can produce
generate most when at normal resting length
optimal range 80-120%

210
Q

ways a muscle fiber generates ATP

A

creatine phosphate
anaerobic respiration/glycolysis
aerobic cellular respiration/oxidative phosphorylation

211
Q

slow oxidative

A

postural
endurance
neck, back, legs

212
Q

fast oxidative glycolytic

A

short term, intense, powerful movement
legs
reserves, replace CP, get rid of lactic acid

213
Q

fast glycolytic

A

sprinting, running, short-term fast

legs and arms

214
Q

color of muscle fibers

A

SO: red
FOG: red-pink
FG: white

215
Q

the fiber diameter of muscle fiber

A

SO: small
FOG: intermediate
FG: large

216
Q

of mitochondria of muscle fiber

A

SO: many
FOG: many
FG: few

217
Q

of capillaries of muscle fiber

A

SO: many
FOG: many
FG: few

218
Q

twitch rate of muscle fiber

A

SO: slow
FOG: fast
FG: fast

219
Q

myosin ATPase activity of muscle fiber

A

SO: slow
FOG: fast
FG: fast

220
Q

ATP synthesis of muscle fiber

A

SO: aerobic
FOG: aerobic/glycolytic
FG: anaerobic

221
Q

myoglobin content of muscle fiber

A

SO: high
FOG: high
FG: low

222
Q

glycogen stores of muscle fiber

A

SO: low
FOG: intermediate
FG: high

223
Q

rate of fatigue of muscle fiber

A

SO: slow
FOG: intermediated
FG: fast

224
Q

isotonic

A

same tension

length decrease but the tension does not change

225
Q

concentric

A

muscle shortens to move a load

226
Q

eccentric

A

muscle generates force as it lengthens

227
Q

isometric

A

same length

tension increase but never exceeds the resistance of the load

Bio 281: A&P (6 decks)

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