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Bio 281: A&P > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of muscle tissue

A

movement
heat production
posture maintenance

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2
Q

skeletal muscle characteristics

A

attached to bones and skin
movement and support of the skeleton
voluntary
tubular, striated, multinuclear

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3
Q

cardiac muscle characteristics

A

walls of the heart
pump blood
involuntary
striated, single nuclear, branched, intercalated discs

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4
Q

smooth muscle characteristics

A

forms muscle portion of hollow organs
move materials through organs, act as a sphincter
involuntary
fusiform, single nuclei

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5
Q

principle properties of all muscles

A

excitability
contractility
extensibility
elasticity

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6
Q

excitability

A

ability to receive and respond to stimuli

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7
Q

contractility

A

ability to forcefully shorten

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8
Q

extensibility

A

ability to stretch or extend

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9
Q

elasticity

A

ability to recoil to resting length

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10
Q

muscle as an organ

A

muscle tissue, blood vessels, blood-nerve
served by 1 nerve, artery, and 1+ veins
branches

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11
Q

the connective sheath of a muscle

A

continuous with another and tendons joining muscles to bones
help transmit pulling force when contracts
provide entry/exit for blood vessel and nerves

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12
Q

fascicle

A

bundle of muscle cells

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13
Q

muscle fiber

A

muscle cells

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14
Q

myofibril

A

muscles cell organelles composed of sarcomeres

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15
Q

epimysium

A

a layer of CT under the deep fascia covers the muscle

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16
Q

perimysium

A

a layer of CT around each fascicle

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17
Q

endomysium

A

wraps muscle fiber individually

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18
Q

myofibers

A

long and cylindrical

cells lie parallel

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19
Q

sarcolemma

A

muscle cell membrane and polysaccharide

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20
Q

nuclei of muscle

A

multinucleate
cells actually syncytium
need extra because cells are very metabolically active

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21
Q

sarcoplasm

A

muscle cell cytoplasm
made up of myofibrils
parallel rods running length of the cell
responsible for contractility

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22
Q

mitochondria in muscle

A

lots for ATP synthesis

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23
Q

glycosomes

A

granules for stored glycogen

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24
Q

myoglobin

A

red pigment for oxygen storage

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25
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

an elaborate form of ER

series of interconnected tubules around myofibrils

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26
Q

transverse tubule (t-tubulues)

A

hollow elongated tube continuous with sarcolemma projects into the muscle cell
runs perpendicular to myofibrils
contain ECF
help spread action potential deep inside the cell

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27
Q

label structure of the sarcomere

A

see image

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28
Q

actin

A

thin filament

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29
Q

g-actin

A

individual amino acid

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30
Q

f-actin

A

strands of g-actin

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31
Q

troponin

A

regulatory protein

three polypeptides bind to actin, tropomyosin, or Ca+2

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32
Q

tropomyosin

A

regulatory protein
chain of amino acid that spiral around actin
help stiffen actin backbone
inhibit binding of actin to myosin at rest

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33
Q

myosin

A

thick filament
protein with tail and 2 globular head
cross-bridge when myosin heads bind to actin
has ATP binding site

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34
Q

z lines

A

protein sheaths that attach to actin

defines sarcomeres boundaries

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35
Q

i-band

A

thin, less dense, lighter band

actin only

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36
Q

a-band

A

dense, dark bond

actin and myosin

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37
Q

h-zone

A

center of a-band

myosin only

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38
Q

m-line

A

dark like in the center of h-zone

protein strands that attach adjacent myosin myofilaments

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39
Q

titin

A

elastic filament that extends from z-line to myosin

holds myosin in place

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40
Q

sliding filament model

A

thick and thin filaments slide past one another
cross-bridge form when myosin heads attach to active sites on actin, cross-bridge attach and detach multiple times
pull actin toward the center of sarcomere past thick filament
shortening of sarcomere and generation of tension
resting: higher Ca+2 outside the cell
myosin heads in the cocked (high energy) position
tropomyosin blocks myosin-binding sites on actin, no cross-bridges form
muscle relaxed

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41
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

see image
skeletal muscles innervated by somatic motor neurons (GSE)
lower motor neuron exits spinal cord via ventral root and sends action potential to axon terminal where Ach stimulates muscle fiber at the junction
each muscle fiber only has 1 junction

AP travels toward the axon terminal
voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open
Ca+2 enters the cell and cause synaptic vessels to move and fuse with the membrane
Ach released into the synapse
Ach binds to ion channels on sarcolemma that allow Na and K movement
-Na influx and K efflux
-more Na moves than K causing local depolarization
-excites voltage-gated Na channels
Na enters the cell along a gradient, fires off AP
repolarization via Na channels close and K channels open
enzyme acetylcholinesterase in sarcolemma destroys Ach to stop signal

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42
Q

excitation-contraction coupling

A

the process by which AP leads to sliding of myofilaments
AP propagates along sarcolemma to t-tubule
tubule protein change shape and cause SR to release Ca+2 from terminal cisternae into the sarcoplasm
Ca+2 binds to troponin and changes shape, removing
tropomyosin block
myosin heads attach to actin-binding sites, cross-bridge cycle begins

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43
Q

cross-bridge cycle

A

myosin heads attach to actin, forms cross-bridge
ADP and Pi attached to myosin
Powerstroke: ADP and Pi release initiating Powerstroke
-myosin head swivels, pulling actin toward the center
cross-bridge detachment: binding site for ATP exposed
-ATP binds to myosin heads and breaks cross-bridge
cocking of myosin head:
-ATP is hydrolyzed
-energy stored in the myosin head
-myosin heads re-cocks to high energy position
the cycle continues as long as Ca+2 and ATP are present

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44
Q

motor unit

A

single motor neurons and all of the muscle fibers that innervate

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45
Q

single muscle twitch

A

single rapid contraction of a muscle in response to a threshold or above stimulus
see diagram

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46
Q

latent phase

A

no measure response (2msec) but all excitation-contraction coupling
AP generation

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47
Q

contraction phase

A

onset to the peak of shortening (10-100msec)

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48
Q

relaxation phase

A

contractile force no longer generated (10-100msec)

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49
Q

summation of contraction

A

accumulation of effects, one contraction build on the previous one
due to leftover Ca+2 in the sarcoplasm
if the frequency of contraction increases until fiber remains contracted without relaxation

50
Q

tetanus

A

smooth sustain muscle contraction
AP refractory period still there, but does not rest
contraction until it runs out of Ca+2 or ATP
see diagram

51
Q

recruitment

A

muscle made up of several motor units
the threshold for AP may vary
as signals get stronger, add more motor units
movements smooth because motor units contract out of phase

52
Q

muscle tone

A

resting tension in skeletal muscle
no movement but muscles firm
relaxed muscles almost always slightly contracted
keep muscles firm, healthy, and ready to respond

53
Q

length-tension relationship

A

the initial length of the sarcomere has a big effect on the amount of tension produced
sarcomere can generate most tension at resting length
optimal range 80-120% of normal resting length
see diagram

54
Q

active internal tension

A

the force generated by thick and thin filaments (cross-bridge and Powerstroke)

55
Q

passive external tension

A

elastic filaments, perimysium, endomysium, tendons

depends on the degree of stretch

56
Q

isotonic

A

same tension
tension increase to overcome resistance then length decrease but the tension does not change
used in all lifting exercises

57
Q

concentric

A

muscle shortens to move a load

58
Q

eccentric

A

muscle generates force as it lengthens

leads to DOMs

59
Q

isometric

A 
same measure (length)
tension increase but never exceeds the resistance of the load, muscle length does not change
60
Q

the force of muscle contraction depends on

A

what muscle is attached to (load)
recruitment (strength of stimulus)
frequency of stimuli-summation, tetany
degree of stretch

61
Q

the main characteristic of ANS

A

maintaining homeostasis
input stimulus sensory receptor
integrate CNS

62
Q

effector tissue of ANS

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

63
Q

location of neurons in ANS

A

two neurons from CNS to cardiac/smooth muscle or gland
one cell body in the lateral horn of spinal cord other cell body in ganglia
Ach and norepinephrine
excitatory and inhibitory
the preganglionic neuron is myelinated and the postganglionic is not

64
Q

location of neurons in somatic

A

lower motor neuron to CNS to skeletal muscles
cell body in the anterior horn of the spinal cord
only Ach
excitatory
myelinated axons

65
Q

parasympathetic characteristics

A

rest and digest
responses localize to one organ
the response is brief, acetylcholinesterase breaks down Ach
responses essential to like by maintaining homeostasis

66
Q

sympathetic characteristics

A

fight or flight
widespread, many organs affected
long-lasting
help cope with stress

67
Q

locations of parasympathetic vs sympathetic

A

see image

68
Q

affect on the head

A

S: dilate pupil, decrease secretions
P: constrict pupils, increase secretions

69
Q

affects on lungs

A

S: dilate bronchioles
P: constrict bronchioles

70
Q

affect on the heart

A

S: increase HR and force; vasodilate vessels
P: decrease and slows HR

71
Q

affect on liver

A

S: increase glycogenolysis
P: increase glucose uptake from blood

72
Q

affect on GI tract

A

S: relax smooth muscles, contract sphincters, decrease secretions
P: increase motility, dilate sphincters, increase secretions

73
Q

affect on kidneys

A

S: vasoconstriction, decrease blood flow, decrease urine
P: increase urine

74
Q

affect on bladder

A

S: relax smooth muscle, contract sphincter, inhibits peeing
P: contract bladder, relax the sphincter, promotes peeing

75
Q

affects on sex organs

A

S: ejaculation of seminal fluid, contract pregnant uterus, and vagina
P: erection and increase vaginal lubrication, dilate

76
Q

affect on blood vessels

A

S: vasodilation in skeletal muscle, liver, heart, adipose; vasoconstriction elsewhere
P: vasoconstriction?

77
Q

affect on sweat glands

A

S: increase sweating
P: decrease sweating

78
Q

affect on arrector pili muscles

A

S: contraction
P: dilation

79
Q

affect on adipose tissue

A

S: increase lipolysis
P: decrease or no effect

80
Q

what cranial nerves are involved in parasympathetic control

A

CN III, VII, IX, X

81
Q

location of CNS exit

A

P: brainstem, CN III, VII, IX, X; sacral spinal cord via lateral horn and ventral root
S: thoracic and lumbar spinal cord via lateral horn and ventral root

82
Q

location of ganglia

A

P: visceral effector organs
S: sympathetic chain near the spinal cord

83
Q

length of neurons

A

P: pre-long and post-short
S: pre-short and post-long

84
Q

neurotransmitters secreted

A

P: pre-and post- Ach
S: pre-Ach and post-Ach or norepinephrine

85
Q

adrenal medulla route

A

sympathetic pathway
sympathetic fiber passes thru chain ganglia and peripheral ganglia to synapse directly on the adrenal medulla
release epinephrine and norepinephrine
results in an adrenaline rush

86
Q

cholinergic receptors

A

receptors for Ach

Ach released by preganglionic neurons so on all postganglionic neurons and effector tissue

87
Q

nicotinic receptors

A

stimulated by nicotine
excitatory
found on postganglionic neuron (EPSP), hormone-producing cells - secrete NE/E, skeletal muscles- cause contraction

88
Q

muscarinic receptors

A

stimulated by muscarine
excitatory and inhibitory depending on effector tissue
found on parasympathetic effector cells responding to Ach

89
Q

adrenergic receptors

A

receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine
activates 2nd messenger system
released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons
effects depend on the type of receptor-activated
effects last longer than Ach because no enzyme to degrade

90
Q

alpha 1 receptor

A

most common
all sympathetic target organs except the heart
constrict blood vessel in the skin, abdominal viscera, kidneys, and salivary glands
constricts visceral organ sphincters, vas deferens, arrector pili muscles

91
Q

alpha 2 receptors

A

inhibitory effects (decrease cAMP levels)
inhibits insulin secretion by the pancreas, increase glucagon secretion
promotes blood clotting

92
Q

beta 1 receptors

A

increase HR and force

stimulate kidneys to release renin to increase BP

93
Q

beta 2 receptors

A

mostly inhibitory
relax the smooth muscle of lungs, digestive, urinary organs, and non-pregnant uterus
dilates blood vessels serving the heart, liver, and skeletal muscle

94
Q

beta 2 receptors

A

stimulate lipolysis by adipose cells

95
Q

beta-blockers

A

mostly beta 1, slows HR and BP

96
Q

beta 2 agonists

A

asthma relief, relax smooth muscles

97
Q

cocaine and amphetamines effects

A

increase release and block reuptake of norepinephrine

98
Q

formation of ATP using creatine phosphate

A 
regenerating ATP in muscles only
creatine + ATP = CP + ADP (at rest)
CP + ADP = creatine + ATP (when ATP is needed)
requires creatine kinase to catalyze rxn
10-15 seconds of exercise
increase CK levels means muscle damage
99
Q

ATP formation using anaerobic respiration/glycolysis

A

breakdown of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
some energy released and used to give 2 net ATP
no oxygen required
pyruvic acid goes into mitochondria with oxygen = ATP, if no oxygen pyruvic turns into lactic acid
lasts about 30-40 second of exercise

100
Q

ATP formation using aerobic cellular respiration/oxidative phosphorylation

A

glucose + O2 = CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP
via Krebs cycle and ETC
requires oxygen and glucose
makes more and faster, O2 demand exceeds supply

101
Q

muscle fatigue

A

occurs when muscle cannot contract regardless of stimulation

cells run out of ATP, pH changes, and ion imbalance

102
Q

oxygen debt

A

amount of extra oxygen that the body must take in to restore oxygen

103
Q

slow oxidative

A

postural
endurance
neck, back, and legs

104
Q

fast oxidative glycolytic

A

short term, intense, powerful movement
legs
reserves, replace CP, gets rid of lactic acid

105
Q

fast glycolytic

A

sprinting, running, short-term fast

legs and arms

106
Q

color of skeletal muscle fibers

A

SO: red
FOG: red-pink
FG: white

107
Q

fiber diameter of skeletal muscle fibers

A

SO: small
FOG: intermediate
FG; large

108
Q

number of mitochondria in skeletal muscle fibers

A

SO: many
FOG: many
FG: few

109
Q

number of capillaries in skeletal muscle fibers

A

SO: many
FOG: many
FG: few

110
Q

twitch rate of skeletal muscle fibers

A

SO: slow
FOG: fast
FG: fast

111
Q

myosin ATPase activity of skeletal muscle fibers

A

SO: slow
FOG: fast
FG: fast

112
Q

ATP synthesis of skeletal muscle fibers

A

SO: aerobic
FOG: aerobic/glycolytic
FG: anaerobic

113
Q

myoglobin content of skeletal muscle fibers

A

SO: high
FOG: high
FG: low

114
Q

glycogen stores of skeletal muscle fibers

A

SO: low
FOG: intermediate
FG: high

115
Q

rate of fatigue of skeletal muscle fibers

A

SO: slow
FOG: intermediate
FG: fast

116
Q

aerobic exercise effects

A

increase metabolism, endurance, and resistance to fatigue
increase vascularity, # of mitochondria, myoglobin
enlarge slow-twitch convert FG to FOG
does not promote hypertrophy
swimming, jogging, fast-walking

117
Q

anaerobic/resistance exercise

A 
greater effect on fast-twitch fibers
increase strength and mass
increase # of myofibril, glycogen stores
convert FOG to FG
sprinting and weight lifting
118
Q

synergists

A

group of muscles working together

119
Q

antagonists

A

group of muscles working against each other

120
Q

prime mover

A

muscle doing the majority of the work

Bio 281: A&P (6 decks)

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