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Bio 281: A&P > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

neural tube development

A

thickening of ectoderm called neural plate at 3 wks
invagination of neural plate forms neural groove and
neural folds
the fusing of neural folds creates the neural tube at 4
wks
migrating neural folds cell forms neural crest
differentiates into anterior and posterior end

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2
Q

primary brain vesicles

A

prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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3
Q

secondary brain vesicles

A 
telencephalon (cerebrum)
diencephalon
brainstem
metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
myelencephalon (medulla)
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4
Q

characteristics of brain ventricles

A

hollow chambers filled with CSF and lined with
ependymal cells
arise from expansions of embryonic neural tube
continuous with another and central canal and spinal
cord

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5
Q

lateral ventricle (horns)

A

paired ventricles deep within the cerebrum

C-shaped

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6
Q

third ventricle (birds head)

A

located in the diencephalon communicate with the lateral ventricles via the intraventricular foramen

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7
Q

fourth ventricle (diamond)

A

hindbrain dorsal to the pons and superior to medulla
communicated with the third ventricle via the cerebral
aqueduct
continuous with central canal and spinal cord

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8
Q

characteristics of cerebrum

A

the most superior part of the brain
83% of total brain mass
grey matter on the outside
white matter on inside

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9
Q

lobes of cerebrum

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula

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10
Q

longiitudinal fissure

A

separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres

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11
Q

transverse fissure

A

cerebrum from cerebellum

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12
Q

central sulcus

A

frontal and parietal lobes

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13
Q

lateral sulcus

A

temporal from frontal and parietal

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14
Q

parieto-occipital

A

parietal and occipital

only seen in midsaggital section

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15
Q

characteristics of the cerebral cortex

A

2-4 mm thick, convoluted
40% of total brain mass
grey matter
the conscious mind, perceive, communicate, remember, understand, voluntary movement

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16
Q

cerebral lateralization

A

hemispheres are not symmetrical have specializations

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17
Q

primary (somatic) motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

conscious control of voluntary movement

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18
Q

premotor area

A

anterior to precentral gyrus
control repetitious or patterned learned motor skills
typing, playing instruments

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19
Q

Broca’s area

A

inferior to left frontal lobe

motor speech area controlling muscles used in speech

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20
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

information from somatic sensory receptors and proprioceptions

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21
Q

somatosensory association cortex

A

posterior to the postcentral gyrus

integrate sensory inputs to comprehend objects being felt

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22
Q

primary visual area

A

posterior occipital lobe

vision (info from the retina)

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23
Q

olfactory cortex

A

medial aspect of temporal lobe

smell (olfactions)

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24
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

the superior aspect of the temporal lobe

sound

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25
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

anterior to the frontal lobe

higher intellectual activity, personality, judgment, and planning

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26
Q

posterior association area

A

parts of temporal, parietal, and occipital

awareness of yourself in surroundings

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27
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

left posterior temporal lobe

understanding written and spoken language

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28
Q

sensroy and motor homunculus

A

entire body spatially represented primary sensory and primary motor areas
the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body

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29
Q

cerebral white matter

A

deep to the grey matter

composed of myelinate and unmyelinated axons bundles into tracts

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30
Q

commissural fibers

A

connect corresponding cortical areas of the hemispheres

largest is the corpus callosum

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31
Q

association fibers

A

connect different parts of the same hemispheres

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32
Q

projection fibers

A

connect higher and lower brain structures
runs through the internal capsule between the thalamus and basal nuclei
create corona radiata

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33
Q

basal ganglia

A

masses of grey matter deep within cerebral white matter in each hemisphere
regulate attention and cognition
motor control

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34
Q

lentiform nucleus

A

puntamen and globus pallidus

laterally to internal capsule

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35
Q

caudate nucleus

A

a comma-shaped nucleus that arches superiorly over the diencephalon

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36
Q

corpus striatum

A

lentiform and caudate nucleus

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37
Q

characteristics of diencephalon

A

the central core (grey matter) of the forebrain
surrounded by cerebral hemispheres
3-paired structures surrounding 3rd ventricle

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38
Q

thalamus

A

contains over 20 nuclei
major sensory integration and relay station
all sensory fibers except smell synapse here

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39
Q

hypothalamus

A

the main visceral control center of the body, maintain homeostasis
heart rate, BP, digestive, pupil size, body thermostat, pleasure, fear, rage, sex drive
regulate food intake, water balance, thirst, sleep-wake cycles

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40
Q

epithalamus

A

contains pineal gland that releases melatonin

sleep-inducing signal, regulate sleep-wake cycles

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41
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

composed of corticospinal motor tracts

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42
Q

periaqueductual grey matter

A

pain suppression and links the amygdala to fight or flight pathways

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43
Q

corpora quadrigemina

A

superior colliculi: visual reflex center, coordinate head, and eye movement
inferior colliculi: auditory reflex center, turn head towards the sound

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44
Q

substantia nigra

A

makes dopamine

degeneration causes Parkinson’s disease

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45
Q

red nucleus

A

deep to substantia nigra

affect limb flexion

46
Q

pons

A

composed of conduction tracts
connect the higher brain to the spinal cord via deep projection fibers
superficial fibers connect pons to the cerebellum
respiratory centers, control normal breathing rhythms

47
Q

medulla oblongata

A

pyramids
cardiovascular center-adjusts force and rate of heart, regulate BP
respiratory center: respiratory rhythm, control rate, and depth of breathing
visceral centers: regulate vomit, hiccupping, swallowing, couching, sneezing

48
Q

cerebellum

A

11% of brain mass
coordinate complex movements, maintain posture balance
activity is subconscious
cognition, language, problem-solving

49
Q

functional brain systems

A

networks of neurons that work together but span large distances and are difficult to localize

50
Q

limbic system

A

emotional or affective brain

encircles the upper part of the brainstem

51
Q

cingulate gyrus of the limbic system

A

express motion via gestures, resolving mental conflicts when frustrated

52
Q

hippocampus

A

storage and retrieved of long term memory

53
Q

amygdala

A

recognize the angry or fearful facial expression, assess danger, elicits fear response

54
Q

the hypothalamus in the limbic system

A

output runs through here

clearinghouse for visceral and emotional responses

55
Q

anterior thalamic nuclei

A

sensory relay station

56
Q

mammillary body

A

olfactory relay station

57
Q

reticular activating system

A

all ascending sensory tracts synapse here to keep us conscious and awake
filters out unnecessary stimuli
LSD interferes and causes sensory overload
inhibited by sleep center of the hypothalamus, depressed by alcohol, sleeping pills, and tranquilizers

58
Q

dura mater

A 
outermost layer
double layer of fibrous connective tissue except where it forms dural venous sinus
limits brain movement
falx cerebri: longitudinal fissures
falx cerebelli: vermis of cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli: transverse fissure
59
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle web-like layer

contains largest blood vessels, serving brain

60
Q

pia mater

A

innermost intimate with nervous tissue

61
Q

cerebral spinal fluid

A

contains less protein than plasma
more Na, Cl, H than blood
less Ca and K than blood

62
Q

production of CSF

A

made by specialized capillaries in ventricles called choroid plexus
capillaries are fenestrated allowing the tissue to pass
covered with pia mater and ependymal cells connected via tight junctions
tissue fluid leaks out into intercellular spaces

63
Q

trace flow of CSF

A

lateral ventricles - interventricular foramen - third ventricle - cerebral aqueduct - fourth ventricle - central canal of the spinal cord or median and lateral apertures - subarachnoid space - arachnoid villi - superior sagittal sinus

64
Q

blood-brain barriers

A

the protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment from brain
what can pass: glucose, amino acid, electrolyte, fats, oxygen, CO2, alcohol, nicotine, anesthesia
what cannot pass: bloodborne metabolic wastes, proteins, toxins, most drugs

65
Q

trace blood from the aorta to cerebral arteries

A

aorta from heart, brachiocephalic artery, into common carotid artery ( right and left),
SEE IMAGE

66
Q

why is the circle of Willis important

A

provides blood from between the posterior and anterior of the brain

67
Q

structural organization of nerves

A

endoneurium-around axon
perineurium- around nerve fascicles
epineurium- around entire nerve

68
Q

CN 1 olfactory

A

olfactory receptor cells to the primary olfactory cortex

olfaction (sensory only, SVA)

69
Q

CN 2 optic

A

the retina of the eye to the primary visual cortex

vision (sensory only SSA)

70
Q

CN 3 oculomotor

A

ventral midbrain to eye
motor to extrinsic eye muscles (GSE)
parasympathetic to iris of eyes (GVE)

71
Q

CN 4 trochlear

A

dorsal midbrain to extrinsic eye muscle

motor to extrinsic eye muscle (GSE)

72
Q

CN 5 trigeminal

A

face to pons and back
primary sensory nerve from face and head (GSA)
motor to the muscle of mastication (GSE)

73
Q

CN 6 abducens

A

pons to extrinsic eye muscle

motor to extrinsic eye muscle (GSE)

74
Q

CN 7 facial

A

pons to face
motor to the muscles of facial expression (GSE)
parasympathetic to lacrimal and salivary glands (GVE)
taste from anterior 2/3 tongue (SVA)

75
Q

CN 8 vestibulocochlear

A

vestibular branch; equilibrium (SSA)

cochlear branch: hearing (SSA)

76
Q

CN 9 glossopharyngeal

A

medulla to throat
motor to tongue and pharynx (GSE)
parasympathetic to salivary glands (GVE)
taste and general sensation from the tongue (SVA and GSA)

77
Q

CN 10 vagus

A

medulla to neck, thorax, abdomen
parasympathetic fibers to thoracic and abdominal organs (GVE)
taste from the posterior tongue (SVA)
sensory from thoracic, abdominal viscera (GVA)

78
Q

CN 11 accessory

A

cranial and spinal root to cranial roots join vagus and spinal roots to muscles
motor to the trapezius, sternocleidomasotid and pharynx (GSE)

79
Q

CN 12 hypoglossal

A

medulla to tongue

motor to the tongue, speech, and chewing (GSE)

80
Q

characteristics of the spinal cord

A

two-way conduction pathway to and from the brain
reflex and integration center
from the foramen magnum to L2
protected by the vertebral column and meninges
31 pairs of spinal nerves

81
Q

cervical enlargement of spin

A

where nerves for the brachial plexus arise

82
Q

lumbar enlargement of spinal cord

A

where nerves for the lumbosacral plexus arise

83
Q

structure of the spinal cord

A 
grey matter in a butterfly shape
central canal
posterior/dorsal horns-sensory neurons
anterior/ventral horns-somatic motor neurons
lateral horns-autonomic motor neurons
white matter contains nerve tracts
84
Q

the white matter of the spinal cord

A

ascending tracts carry afferent impulses to the brain
descending tracts carry efferent impulses away
commissural fibers cross the spinal cord to opposite sides
columns

85
Q

trace a reflex

A

see image

86
Q

reflex

A

rapid, unpredictable autonomic motor reaction to a stimulus
same response
unlearned, involuntary
integrated into the spinal cord

87
Q

somatic reflex

A

voluntary (skeletal muscle)

88
Q

visceral reflex

A

involuntary (smooth, cardiac muscles, glands)

89
Q

innate reflex

A

born with it

90
Q

acquired reflex

A

learned

91
Q

spinal reflex

A

integrated into the spinal cord

92
Q

cranial reflex

A

integrated into brain

93
Q

monosynaptic reflex

A

1 sensory neuron and 1 motor neuron
stretch reflex/stretch is the stimulus
maintain muscle tone
knee jerk

94
Q

polysynaptic reflex

A 
1 sensory, 1 motor, and 1 interneuron
pain is the stimulus
rapid withdrawal of the limb
protective in nature
flexor withdraw
95
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

physical stimuli including stretch

96
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature

97
Q

photoreceptors

A

light

98
Q

chemoreceptors

A

chemicals

99
Q

nociceptors

A

pian

100
Q

proprioceptors

A

joint sense

101
Q

dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathways

A

fasciculus cuneatus and fasiculus gracillis
fine touch, pressure, proprioceptions
1st order neuron have sensory receptor in the skin, enter the spinal cord and ascend to the medulla to synapse with 2nd order neuron
2nd order neuron decussate in the medulla and ascend to thalamus to synapse with 3rd neuron and directed to the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex

102
Q

lateral spinothalamic tract

A

pain and temperature

103
Q

anterior spinothalamic tract

A

coarse touch and pressure
1st order neuron sensory receptors in the skin, enter the spinal cord via dorsal root and synapse with 2nd order
2nd order decussate and ascend in anterior and lateral white columns to thalamus to synapse with 3rd order
3rd order directed to the postcentral gyrus

104
Q

anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts

A

proprioception for unconscious skeletal muscle coordination
1sr order have sensory receptors in skeletal muscle and tendons, enter the spinal cord via dorsal root and synapse with 2nd order
2nd order ascend in anterior and lateral column and end in the cerebellar cortex

105
Q

lateral corticospinal tract

A

motor to skeletal muscle
upper motor neuron originates in the precentral gyrus and descends to the medulla where 80% decussate in pyramids and descend in a lateral white column
synapse with a lower motor neuron in the anterior horn

106
Q

anterior corticospinal tract

A

motor to skeletal muscle
upper motor neuron originates in the precentral gyrus and descends in the anterior white column to a spinal level which exits and decussates
upper motor neuron synapses with lower motor neuron in ventral horn

107
Q

extrapyramidal pathways

A

tectospinal tract: coordinate head and eye movements along superior colliculi
vestibulospinal and reticulospinal: maintain balance by varying the tone postural muscle
rubrospinal: control flexor muscle

108
Q

paralysis

A

loss of motor function

109
Q

flaccid paralysis

A

damage to ventral or anterior root cells/lower motor neuron damaged
no stimulation no movement
denervation atrophy

110
Q

spastic paralysis

A

damage to upper motor neuron, muscles can be stimulated by spinal reflexes, AP to muscles, less atrophy

111
Q

paresthesis

A

sensory loss

Bio 281: A&P (6 decks)

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