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Bio 281: A&P > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

anatomy

A

the study of the structure of the body and its relationships to one another

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2
Q

physiology

A

study of the function of the body

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3
Q

principle of complementarity of structure and function

A

structures always determine the function

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4
Q

biological levels of the organization

A 
atoms
molecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ system
organism
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5
Q

8 characteristics of life

A 
maintaining boundaries
movement
responsiveness
digestion
metabolism
excretions
reproduction
growth
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6
Q

maintaining boundaries

A

cell membranes

integument

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7
Q

movement

A

propelling the body

propelling through the internal organs

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8
Q

responsiveness

A

ability to sense stimuli and respond

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9
Q

digestion

A

breaking down food for absorption

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10
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

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11
Q

excretion

A

releasing wastes from the body

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12
Q

reproduction

A

cellular or organismal

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13
Q

growth

A

increase the number of cells

increase the size of cells

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14
Q

integumentary system

A

skin

forms a boundary around the body

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15
Q

muscular and skeletal systems

A

provides support and body movement

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16
Q

respiratory system

A

exchange of gases

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17
Q

digestive system

A

takes in nutrients and eliminates wastes

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18
Q

urinary system

A

removal of wastes and water balance

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19
Q

reproductive system

A

produces egg and sperm

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20
Q

circulatory system

A

distributes materials

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21
Q

nervous and endocrine systems

A

coordinate body functions

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22
Q

immune system

A

protect the interior of the body from foreign invaders

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23
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaining a stable internal environment despite external conditions

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24
Q

what happens when homeostasis is lost

A

disease or death

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25
Q

afferent pathway

A

toward CNS

sensory neuron

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26
Q

efferent pathway

A

away from CNS

motor neuron

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27
Q

negative feedback loops

A

most common
keep system near the set point
change in one direction causes a response in the opposite direction
ex: body temp

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28
Q

positive feedback loop

A

reinforced the stimulus
requires an outside stimulus to stop response
ex: labor

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29
Q

intracellular fluid

A

the fluid inside the cells

contains a high concentration of potassium and proteins

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30
Q

extracellular fluid

A

plasma

high concentrations of Na, Ca, and Cl

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31
Q

stimulus

A

any change in the variable away from the setpoint

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32
Q

receptor

A

recognizes the change

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33
Q

control center

A

brain or spinal cord

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34
Q

effector

A

carry out the response

almost always a gland or muscle

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35
Q

anatomical position

A

head, feet, and palms facing forward while standing upright

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36
Q

frontal plane

A

front and back

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37
Q

sagittal plane

A

right and left

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38
Q

midsagittal

A

symmetrical right and left

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39
Q

transverse

A

top and bottom

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40
Q

superior

A

toward the head

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41
Q

inferior

A

away from the head

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42
Q

ventral/anterior

A

toward the front

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43
Q

dorsal/posterior

A

toward the back

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44
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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45
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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46
Q

proximal

A

closer to point of attachment

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47
Q

distal

A

further away from the point of attachment

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48
Q

superficial

A

toward the body surface

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49
Q

deep

A

away from the body surface

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50
Q

ventral body cavities

A

thoracic

abdominopelvic

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51
Q

thoracic cavity

A

pleural (lungs)
medistinum (sternum)
peridcardial (heart)

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52
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

abdominal

pelvic

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53
Q

dorsal body cavity

A

cranial

vertebral

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54
Q

lumens

A

holes
extension of the external environment in the digestive tract
only part of the internal environment after material crosses the wall of the organ

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55
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

skin

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56
Q

mucous membrane

A

lines body cavities that open to the exterior

lubricated with mucus

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57
Q

serous membranes

A

double-layered membranes separated by a fluid-filled cavity

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58
Q

three components have in common

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

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59
Q

4 categories of biomolecules

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleotides

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60
Q

a general formula for a carb

A

C6H12O6

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61
Q

monosaccharide

A

5 or 6 carbon sugars
can be transported across cell membranes
ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, galactose, fructose

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62
Q

disaccharide

A

double sugars formed via dehydration synthesis

sucrose, lactose, maltose

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63
Q

glucose + fructose =

A

sucrose

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64
Q

glucose + galactose =

A

lactose

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65
Q

glucose + glucose =

A

maltose

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66
Q

polysaccharides

A

long continuous strains of carbon
glycogen
starch
cellulose

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67
Q

glycogen

A

the storage form of glucose in animals

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68
Q

starch

A

the storage form of glucose in plants

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69
Q

cellulose

A

structural carb in plants
indigestible
fiber

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70
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

H from one monomer binds to OH of another monomer and water is lost

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71
Q

hydrolysis

A

water is added back into the reaction

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72
Q

lipid

A

made of C, H, and O

non-polar and not water-soluble

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73
Q

4 types of fats

A

triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
eicosanoids

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74
Q

triglycerides

A 
glycerol backbone
3 fatty acid tails
energy storage
insulation
cushioning
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75
Q

saturated

A

contains only single covalent bonds

fats that are solid at room temp

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76
Q

unsaturated

A

one or more double covalent bonds

liquids at room temp

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77
Q

phospholipids

A

modified triglycerides with a phosphate group and 2 fatty acid tails
amphipathic
create the phospholipid bilayer

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78
Q

steroids

A

4-linked carbon rings
cholesterol
stabilizes cell membranes
required for vitamin D synthesis and production of bile salts

79
Q

eicosanoids

A 
modified 20-C fatty acids
blood clotting
inflammation
smooth muscle contractions
blocked by NSAIDs (ibuprofen)
80
Q

proteins

A 
polymers of amino acids
mechanical support
enzymes
transport
contractile
communication
defensive
81
Q

primary protein

A

strand of amino acids

82
Q

secondary protein

A

alpha helix

beta-sheet

83
Q

tertiary protein

A

3D shape

collagen or keratin

84
Q

quarternary protein

A

several chains associating with one another

hemoglobin

85
Q

structure of a nucleotide

A

phosphate group
5-carbon sugar
nitrogenous base

86
Q

ATP

A

energy currency of the body

adenosine triphosphate

87
Q

ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate
can become ATP via dehydration synthesis
requires ATPsynthase

88
Q

ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate
can become ATP via dehydration synthesis
requires ATP synthase

89
Q

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

important signal molecules between ICF and ECF

90
Q

DNA

A 
deoxyribose
double-stranded
A, T, C, G
genetic info
in the nucleus
91
Q

RNA

A 
ribose
single-stranded
A, U, C, G
codes for protein synthesis
in the nucleus and cytoplasm
92
Q

solvent

A

liquids that dissolve a solute

93
Q

solutes

A

molecules that dissolve in a solvent

94
Q

solution

A

solutes and solvents together

95
Q

solubility

A

the degree to which a solute is able to dissolve into a solvent

96
Q

hydrophilic

A

dissolve easily in water

polar or ionic

97
Q

hydrophobic

A

do not dissolve in water
non-polar
lipids

98
Q

pH

A

the concentration of H ions in solution determines the acidity
H comes from the separation of water

99
Q

pH scale

A

7 is neutral
above 7 is basic
below 7 is acidic

100
Q

acids

A

molecules that release H when they dissolve in water

101
Q

base

A

molecules decrease the concentration of H by combining with free H, dissociate water to yield OH

102
Q

buffers

A

substances that resist change in pH

103
Q

glycoproteins

A

cell-cell recognition

attachment to the cytoskeleton

104
Q

enzymes role in metabolism

A

speeds up reactions without themselves being altered

105
Q

mechanism of action by an enzyme

A

decrease the activation energy of a system by
ligand attaches to the enzyme at the active site
enzyme-substrate complex formed
the enzyme catalyzes the reaction and transforms substrates into products
enzyme detaches and goes to catalyze another

106
Q

fibrous proteins

A

pleated sheets or long-chain helices
insoluble in water
structural

107
Q

globular proteins

A

spherical
water-soluble
carriers, enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, antibodies

108
Q

specificity of proteins

A

lock and key fit

109
Q

affinity of proteins

A

the degree to which a protein is attracted to a ligand

110
Q

activation of proteins

A

have to be acted on by an enzyme or cofactor

111
Q

denaturation of proteins

A

loss of structure thus loss of function

caused by the increase in temp or decrease in pH

112
Q

upregulation of proteins

A

programmed production of new proteins

113
Q

downregulation of proteins

A

programmed removal of proteins

114
Q

saturation of proetins

A

once all proteins are bound to ligands the cell response rate is constant

115
Q

three components that make up a generalized composite cell

A

cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm

116
Q

lipoprotein

A

transport fatty acids and cholesterol in the bloodstream

HDLs and LDLs

117
Q

glycolipids

A

component of the cell membrane

cell recognition and of foreign cells

118
Q

functions of plasma membrane

A

physical isolation: separating ICF from ECF
regulation of exchange with the environment: controls entry
communication between cells and the environment: receptor proteins
structural support: hold cytoskeleton in place

119
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

membrane lipids: phospholipid bilayer
membrane proteins
membrane carbs
intercellular junctions

120
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

polar heads
non-polar tails
cholesterol makes membrane impermeable to small water-soluble molecules and stiffens the molecule

121
Q

integral proteins

A

transporters
carriers
receptors
enzymes

122
Q

peripheral proteins

A

attach to one side of the membrane

glycoproteins: cell to cell joining

123
Q

membrane carbs

A

attach to proteins or lipids
only on the external surface
immune response

124
Q

gap junctions

A

cytoplasmic bridges between cells
chemical and electrical communication
heart and smooth muscle

125
Q

tight junctions

A

cell membranes of cells partly fuse together

inhibits movement of material between cells

126
Q

desmosomes

A

adhesion junctions
provide structural adhesion
found in the skin. uterus. heart

127
Q

selectively permeable membrane

A

determines which substances can enter or exit the cell

128
Q

semi-permeable cell membrane

A

allows small, water-soluble molecules to pass

129
Q

differentially permeable cell membrane

A

only small molecules can pass through

130
Q

microtubules

A 
made up of tubulin
determine the shape of the cell
use arms to move organelles
centrioles
cilia
flagella
131
Q

microfilaments

A 
responsible for motility or changes in cells shape
forms cleavage furrows
endocytosis/exocytosis
contractile forces
stiffen microvilli
132
Q

intermediate filaments

A

resist pulling forces on the cell

133
Q

cell adhesion molecules

A 
thousands on virtually every cell
molecular velcro
arms that migrating cells use to move past one another
signal WBCs to infected areas
mechanoreceptor
134
Q

cilia

A

numerous hair-like projections of the cell membrane
responsible for moving material past a cell
respiratory passageway

135
Q

flagella

A

singular whip-like projection of the cell membrane
move the entire cell
sperm

136
Q

mitochondria

A

kidney bean-shaped, double-walled organelle

site of ATP production via aerobic cellular respiration

137
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

the network of membrane tubes extending from the outer membrane of the nucleus
functions in synthesis, storage, and transport

138
Q

rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

139
Q

smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes
site of fatty acid, steroid, lipid synthesis
detoxify or inactivates drugs in the liver and kidneys
stores Ca in muscle cells

140
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

stack of membrane-bound sacks
receives proteins from the RER, modifies them, and packages them for export from the cell
the cells UPS

141
Q

lysosomes

A

garbage disposals

small spherical storage vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes

142
Q

peroxisomes

A

storage vesicles that detoxify

143
Q

nucleus

A

contains the DNA of the cell

surrounded by a nuclear envelope

144
Q

nucleoli

A

dense body of RNA in the nucleus

responsible for creating RNA fro ribosomes

145
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
occurs along a concentration gradient until equilibrium

146
Q

passive transport

A

uses kinetic energy (no ATP)
concentration gradient
semi-permeable membrane
like dissolves like

147
Q

active transport

A

requires ATP

molecules move against a concentration gradient

148
Q

what molecules can pass through a membrane via simple diffusion

A

non-polar, lipid-soluble molecules

149
Q

rate of diffusion is faster if

A 
membranes surface area is larger
membrane is thinner
the concentration gradient is larger
the membrane is more permeable to the molecule
temperature is increased
molecular size is smaller
150
Q

what facotrs afftec membrane permeability

A

molecules lipid solubility
molecules size
lipid composition of the membrane

151
Q

what type of molecules move via channels

A

molecules that are lipophobic or electrically charged

152
Q

carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

the substrate binds with protein and carries it across the membrane by changing shape
glucose, amino acids, large lipids, insoluble molecules

153
Q

channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

membrane-spanning proteins that allow movement of water or ions
specific due to pore size and charge of amino acids lining the channels

154
Q

leakage channels

A

always open and allow free movement

155
Q

gated channels

A

mostly closed

require a stimulus to open

156
Q

chemically gated channel

A

require extracellular ligan to open

157
Q

voltage-gated channels

A

opens in response to a change in voltage across the cell

158
Q

mechanically gated channels

A

opens due to a physical change that puts stress on the channel to pop it open

159
Q

osmosis

A

net diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
water will move to the side with the most OAPs to create osmotic pressure

160
Q

osmotically active particles (OAPs)

A

solutes that do not diffuse through the membrane

161
Q

carrier protein

A

bind to a substance and move it across the membrane

162
Q

what molecules use carrier proteins

A

sugars, amino acids, nucleosides

163
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the tendency of water to move into a cell via osmosis

164
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure exerted by water against the cell membrane

165
Q

tonicity

A

the measure of solutions ability to change cell shape by promoting osmosis

166
Q

isotonic

A

the same concentration of OAPs in solution as in the cell
no change in cell size or shape
net osmosis = 0

167
Q

hypertonic

A

a higher concentration of OAPs in solution than in the cell

the cell will shrink (crenate)

168
Q

hypotonic

A

lower concentration of OAPs

cell swell and lyse

169
Q

filtration

A

the substance is forces across a membrane by a hydrostatic pressure gradient
the passive process must have a pressure gradient
important in capillaries
the only restriction is the size

170
Q

primary active transport

A

energy is supplied by hydrolysis of ATP resulting in phosphorylation of the transport protein
Na, K, and ATPase
one ATP moves 3 Na out and 2 K in

171
Q

secondary active transport

A

a gradient created by primary pumps that store energy
along concentration gradient
molecules are co-transported

172
Q

symport carrier

A

movement in the same direction

Na - glucose

173
Q

antiport carrier

A

movement in different directions

Na - H pump

174
Q

vesicular transport

A

uses membrane-bound vesicles to move bulk substance into or out of the cell

175
Q

endocytosis

A

movement of material into the cell

176
Q

process of endocytosis

A

clathrin-coated pit ingests substances
vesicle detaches from membrane
clathrin proteins recycle back to the membrane
vesicles fuse with lysosomes for digestion
excess material is removed via transcytosis

177
Q

types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis

178
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating
endocytosis of large, solid material
carried out by WBCs (macrophages)

179
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinking

nonspecific process moving ECF into the cell

180
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

the specific ligand binds to a receptor to initiate the process

181
Q

exocytosis

A

movement of material out of the cell

182
Q

process of exocytosis

A

signal-ligand binding to a receptor or change in membrane voltage
vesicle migrate towards the cell membrane
proteins at the vesicle surface (v-snares) bind with plasma membrane proteins (t-snares)
vesicles and plasma membrane fuse and pore opens
releases the content into the ECF

183
Q

resting membrane potential

A

voltage (electrical potential energy due to the separation of - and + charges) across the plasma membrane
ranges from -50 to -100
inside the cell is negative
outside the cell is positive

184
Q

generating resting membrane potential

A

main ions involved are K and Na
K leakage channels along the membrane
K diffuses out of the cell along the electrochemical gradient
protein molecules remain in the cell because they are too large
loss of positive charge leaves the inside of the cell negative and outside becomes positive
the overall voltage of -70

185
Q

how is membrane potential maintained

A

because at rest some K diffuses out and some Na diffuses in, equilibrium would be reached only with passive forces
3 Na in and 2 K out

186
Q

g-protein-coupled receptor mechanism

A

ligand (first messenger) binds to the receptor
receptor changes shape and activated the cascade
the activated receptor binds to nearby g-protein
g-protein is activated when GTP replaces GDP
g-protein mobilizes and binds to an enzyme embedded in the plasma membrane
the activated enzymes catalyze a reaction to produce a second messenger (cAMP or Ca)
2nd messenger activates enzymes to open ion channels
kinase enzymes active other enzymes by phosphorylation them and causing biological cascades

187
Q

cytoplasm

A

contains all material inside the cell membrane except the nucleus

188
Q

cytosol

A

ICF, semi-gelatinous material

dissolves nutrients, proteins, ions, and waste products

189
Q

interphase

A

preceded mitosis

period of DNA replication and cell growth

190
Q

mitosis

A

nuclear division

191
Q

prophase

A

chromatin condenses
nucleus fragments
spindle apparatus forms

192
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate

193
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell

cytokinesis begins

194
Q

telophase

A

chromatin uncoils
nucleus reforms
spindle apparatus disassembles

Bio 281: A&P (6 decks)

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