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Bio 281: A&P > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

histology

A

study of tissue

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2
Q

4 major tissue types

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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3
Q

extracellular matrix

A

synthesized and secreted by cells of the tissue
proteoglycans
insolvable protein fibers (collagen)

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4
Q

epithelial tissue

A 
line any free surface
any substance that enters or leaves the body must cross it
cellular
little matrix
avascular
leaky and tight
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5
Q

simple squamous

A

a single layer of flattened cells
blood vessels and heart
allows materials to pass via diffusion and filtration

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6
Q

simple cuboidal

A

a single layer of cube-shaped cells
kidney tubules, glands, ducts, thyroid
secretion and absorption

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7
Q

simple columnar

A 
a single layer of column cells
lines GI tract
microvilli
goblet cells
absorption and secretion of mucus, enzymes, etc
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8
Q

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

A 
cilia and goblet cells
secrete substances (mucus) and propels mucus
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9
Q

stratified squamous non keratinized

A

several layers of flattened cells
alive
protect underlying tissues in vulnerable areas
mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus

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10
Q

stratified squamous keratinized

A

several layers of flattened cells
dead
waterproof keratin
epidermis

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11
Q

transitional epithelium

A

flattened or cuboidal
allows stretching without rupturing
bladder, uterus, urethra

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12
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

several layers of cube-shaped cells

protect duct areas of sweat, salivary, and mammary glands

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13
Q

goblet cell

A

secrete mucus

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14
Q

exocrine glands

A

release secretions to the outside environment via ducts
sweat, mammary, salivary glands
serous, mucus, mixed

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15
Q

endocrine

A

ductless glands that release hormones to the intracellular fluid
pancreas, thyroid, gonads, pituitary

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16
Q

characteristics of connective tissue

A

lots of extracellular matrix with scattered cells

collagen, elastin, or reticular fibers

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17
Q

-blast

A

a cell that is growing or secreting matrix

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18
Q

-clast

A

a cell is actively breaking down matrix

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19
Q

-cyte

A

a cell that is not actively making or destroying the matrix

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20
Q

collagen

A

most abundant protein

flexible but inelastic

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21
Q

elastin

A

allows stretching and recoils

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22
Q

reticular

A

thin, short branching collagen fibers

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23
Q

areolar connective tissue

A

lots of matrix with all 3 fiber types
contain fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, WBCs
forms lamina propria, packages organs, surrounds capillaries

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24
Q

adipose tissue

A

little matrix
highly vascular
triglyceride storage, insulation, supports and protects organs

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25
Q

reticular connective tissue

A 
a network of reticular fibers in a loose ground substance
forms stroma for soft organs
lymph nodes, spleen, red bone marrow
forms the internal soft skeleton
lots of nuclei
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26
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

parallel bundles of collagen with little ground substance
resists pulling forces along the length of fiber
ligaments and tendons
attach muscle to bone or bone to bone

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27
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

fibers run in all directions
resists pulling in multiple directions
the dermis of the skin, joint capsules
provide structural strength and support

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28
Q

characteristics of cartilage

A

chondrocytes in lacunae with lots of matrix

avascular and lacks nerve fibers

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29
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most abundant
support, reduces friction and compression forces
ends of long bones, costal cartilages, nose, trachea, and larynx

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30
Q

elastic cartilage

A

more elastic fibers
allows flexibility while maintaining the shape
the external ear, epiglottis

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31
Q

fibrocartilage

A

lots of collagen
strong shock absorber
pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, the meniscus of the knee

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32
Q

bone connective tissue

A

hard calcified matrix with osteocytes sitting in a lacunae

organic: collagen
inorganic: hydroxyapatite

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33
Q

functions of bone

A

support and protection
site of muscle attachment
stores minerals (Ca+2) and fat
red and yellow bone marrow

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34
Q

blood connective tissue

A

red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)

transports respiratory gases, nutrients, waste, hormone

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35
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

attach to the skeleton, generate movement and heat
striated
multinucleate
voluntary

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36
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A 
heart, propels blood thru body
striated
branched
uninucleate
intercalated discs
involuntary
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37
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A 
walls of hollow organs
fusiform
uninucleate
lacks striations
involuntary
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38
Q

nervous tissue

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves
transmit electrical impulses
neurons and glial cells (supporting cells)

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39
Q

characteristics of skin

A

covers body
stratified squamous keratinized
avascular

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40
Q

keratinocytes

A

most numerous cell in the skin

produce waterproof keratin

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41
Q

melanocytes

A

spider-shaped cells that produce a pigment called melanin
the deepest layer of the epidermis
surrounds nuclei to protect from UV

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42
Q

Langerhans cells (dendritic cells)

A

function in the immune system

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43
Q

Merkel cells

A

sensory receptor for touch

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44
Q

stratum corneum

A

20-30 layers of dead cells, the top layer
protect the body from mechanical and chemical stress
inhibit dehydration
cells flake off

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45
Q

stratum lucidum

A

only thick skin
appears clear
2-3 layers of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes
in palms and soles of feet

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46
Q

stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of flattened cells
organelles begin to disintegrate
cytoplasm full of granules, keratinization taking place

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47
Q

stratum spinosum

A

several layers of keratinocytes linked by desmosomes

contains dendritic cells

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48
Q

dermis

A

layer deep to the epidermis
blood vessels, nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels, and appendages
the papillary and reticular layer

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49
Q

a papillary layer of the dermis

A 
superficial
areolar CT
dermal papillae (projections)
blood vessels and Meisner's corpuscles
fingerprints
create friction
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50
Q

reticular layer of the dermis

A

deep (80% of the dermis)
dense irregular CT
tension lines
run lengthwise along with appendages and horizontal along the trunk
cuts made parallel to lines cause less scaring

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51
Q

stretch marks

A

striae

dermal tears

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52
Q

blister

A

separation of dermis and epidermis

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53
Q

hypodermis

A

adipose tissue deep to the dermis

cushions, insulates, gives the body shape

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54
Q

melanin

A

pigment
all races have the same number of melanocytes
UV exposure increases the amount of melanin produced
genetics
freckles and moles are accumulations of melanin

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55
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

most numerous, empty secretion through a pore

pals, soles of feet and forehead

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56
Q

sweat

A 
water, NaCl, vitamin C, antibodies, H+, and metabolic wastes
function in thermoregulation
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57
Q

apocrine glands

A 
empty secretion into a hair follicle
found in the axilla and anogenital region
function during puberty
58
Q

ceruminous glands

A

modified apocrine glands in the ear canal

deter insect or foreign object entry

59
Q

sebaceous glands (oil)

A

head, face, neck, chest
secrete sebum into the hair follicle
blocked or inflamed are pimples

60
Q

hair

A

shaft-above skin
root-embedded in the skin undergoes keratinization
color-melanocytes

61
Q

hair follicle

A

invagination of the epidermis into the dermis

the expanded end is called the bulb

62
Q

arrector pili muscle

A

smooth muscle

attaches to the follicle and causes goosebumps

63
Q

nails

A

protection and tools

free edge, body, root

64
Q

functions of the integumentary system

A

chemical protection-acid mantle deters bacterial growth
physical/mechanical barrier-keeps bacteria out and water in
biological barrier-dendritic cells and macrophages

65
Q

sweating

A

vasodilation

66
Q

shivering

A

vasoconstriction

67
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

cells of stratum basale proliferate into dermis and hypodermis
a least malignant, most common type

68
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

arises in the keratinocyte of the stratum spinosum

grows rapidly and metastasizes

69
Q

melanoma

A

cancer of melanocytes

highly metastatic and resistant to chemo

70
Q

ABCD(E) rule for skin cancer

A 
A-asymmetry
B-boarder irregularity
C-color
D-diameter
E-elevation/evolving
71
Q

first degree burns

A

the only the epidermis is damaged

sunburn

72
Q

second-degree burn

A

damage epidermis and upper dermis

exhibit blistering

73
Q

third-degree burn

A

full-thickness of skin is burned

74
Q

danger of burns

A

loss of body fluid and electrolytes.

75
Q

long bone

A

longer than wide

humorous, femur, radius, ulna

76
Q

short bone

A

about as long as they are wide

carpals and tarsals

77
Q

flat bones

A

flat, thin, slightly curved

cranial bones, scapula, ribs, sternum

78
Q

irregular bones

A

bones that don’t fit into other categories

vertebrae, os coxae, facial bones

79
Q

sesamoid bone

A

bones that form in tendons

patella

80
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft, compact bone

surrounds marrow cavity filled with yellow bone marrow

81
Q

epiphysis

A

ends of long bones

82
Q

structure of bones

A

notes

83
Q

compact bone

A

outside of the bone

arranged into osteons

84
Q

spongy bones

A

composed of trabeculae
deep to the compact bone
houses red bone marrow

85
Q

periosteum

A

the connective tissue surrounding outside of the bone
the inner layer is osteoblasts
the outer layer is dense irregular CT

86
Q

endosteum

A

connective tissue lining medullary cavity

87
Q

nutrient artery

A

supplies bone with blood

enters via the nutrient foramen

88
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

hyaline cartilage

growth plate

89
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column, hyoid, thoracic cage

90
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral girdle, upper and lower extremities, pelvic girdle

91
Q

how are joints classified

A

type of tissue that connects the bones

92
Q

fibrous joints

A 
joined by fibrous CT
no movement
suture of skull
syndesmosis-interosseous ligaments, diaphysis of radius/ulna and tibia/fibula
gomphosis-teeth and bones of the face
93
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

joined by cartilage
synchondrosis-hyaline, between diaphysis and epiphysis, synarthrosis
symphysis-fibrocartilage, pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs, amphiarthrotic

94
Q

synovial joints

A

freely movable joints

range of motion and stability depends on the shape, the strength of ligaments, and tone of muscles

95
Q

articular capsule

A

creates a joint cavity between two bones
the outer layer is dense irregular CT
the inner layer is a synovial membrane with synovial fluid

96
Q

bursa

A

the fluid-filled sac that cushions tendons as it crosses over bony surfaces

97
Q

tendon sheath

A

tubular bursa sac that surrounds tendon along its length

98
Q

articular disks or menisci

A

plates of fibrocartilage found in some joints

reduce friction and absorb shock

99
Q

flexion

A

decrease angle between two bones

100
Q

extension

A

increase angle between two bones

101
Q

hyperextension

A

increasing angle beyond 180

102
Q

abduction

A

movement of appendage away from the midline

103
Q

adduction

A

movement of appendage towards the midline

104
Q

rotation

A

pivoting around a central axis

105
Q

pronation

A

rotation of the forarms so plams face posteriorly

106
Q

supination

A

roation of forearm so plam face anteriorly

107
Q

eversion

A

turning sole of the foot outward to face the sky

108
Q

inversion

A

turning sole of food inward to face the sky

109
Q

plantar flection

A

tippy toes

110
Q

dorsiflexion

A

pointing the toes to the ceiling

111
Q

protraction

A

anterior movement in the transverse plane

underbite or punching

112
Q

retraction

A

posterior movemnt in teh transverse plane

113
Q

elevation

A

lifting body part superiorly

114
Q

depression

A

moving body part inferiorly

115
Q

circumduction

A

inscribe the shape of a cone with an appendage

116
Q

opposition

A

touching the thumb to the tips of your fingers

117
Q

chemical composition of bone

A

35% organic: collagen, allows flexibility and tensile strength
65% inorganic: hydroxyapatite, resists compression

118
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

formation of flat bones from mesenchymal tissue
skull and clavicles
formation of ossification center, mesenchymal cells
cluster together, differentiate into osteoblasts
osteoid secreted in the fibrous membrane and calcified,
osteoblasts secrete osteoid; trapped osteoblasts
become osteocytes
spongy bone and periosteum for, randomly secrete
osteoid around blood vessels to create trabeculae
vascularized mesenchyme condenses and becomes
periosteum
compact bone replaces spongy bone, spongy bones
gets filled with red bone marrow

119
Q

endochondral ossification

A

bone formed from hyaline cartilage, all bones except flat bones
primary ossification center in diaphysis when perichondrium is infiltrated with blood vessels
underlying cells convert to osteoblasts
bony collar forms around hyaline cartilage, osteoblasts
secrete osteoid to encase diaphysis
cartilage in the center calcified and develops cavities
chondrocytes hypertrophy signaling calcification which
causes their death
other cartilage elongates the model
periosteal bud invades the internal cavity and spongy
bone forms
osteoclasts erode calcified cartilage
osteoblasts secrete osteoid forming trabeculae
diaphysis elongates and the medullary cavity forms
osteoclasts break down trabeculae and create marrow
cavity
ossification chases cartilage down diaphysis
secondary ossification center forms at epiphysis, no
medullary cavity
cartilage remains at ends, articular cartilage between
epiphysis and epiphyseal plate

120
Q

longitudinal growth

A

mimics events of endochondral ossification
occurs at the epiphyseal plate
resting zone near epiphysis
proliferation zone, cartilage undergoes mitosis and
pushes epiphysis from the diaphysis
hypertrophic zone, older cartilage enlarges
calcification zone, matrix calcified, chondrocytes die,
matrix deteriorates
ossification zone, osteoblasts lay down spongy bone,
osteoclasts eventually erode this ti form medullary
cavity and length
ends with ossification of the epiphyseal plate into the
epiphyseal line

121
Q

appositional growth

A

width
osteoblasts underneath the periosteum lay down bone matrix
osteoclasts on the endosteal surface erode bone

122
Q

growth hormone

A

causes lengthening of the bone during adolescence
too much: gigantism
too little: dwarfism

123
Q

bone deposit

A

osteoblasts law down bone matrix that is calcified with help of enzyme alkaline phosphatase

124
Q

bone resorption

A

osteoclasts release a lysosomal enzyme that breaks down the organic matrix and hydrochloric acid that breaks down the hydroxyapatite

125
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

produced by parathyroid glands
released in response to drop in blood Ca
stimulates osteoclasts to become active and release Ca into the blood
negative feedback shuts off the system

126
Q

calcitonin

A

produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid
release in response to rising in blood Ca levels
inactive osteoclasts activity
regulated by negative feedback

127
Q

Wolf’s Law

A

a bone grows or remodels in response to the demand placed on it
compression and tension

128
Q

bone repair process

A

hematoma forms, bone bleeds, and blood clot forms
osteocytes deprived of nutrients die and inflammation occurs
fibrocartilage callus forms
capillaries grow into hematoma bringing phagocytic cells
fibroblasts produce collagen fiber to reconnect bones
some differentiate into chondroblasts and law down cartilage matrix
osteoblasts form spongy bone
bony callus forms, osteoblasts convert fibrocartilage callus to spongy bone
excess material on diaphysis and the medullary cavity is removed
compact bone replaces spongy bone on the exterior

129
Q

comminuted fracture

A

shattered

bone breaks into three or more pieces

130
Q

compression fracture

A

bone is crushed

131
Q

spiral fracture

A

a fracture occurs due to twisting force

132
Q

epiphyseal fracture

A

epiphysis separates from diaphysis along with the epiphyseal plate

133
Q

depressed fracture

A

bone is pressed inward

134
Q

greenstick fracture

A

only one side of the bone breaks

135
Q

the strongest type of tissue

A

dense regular CT

136
Q

not a function of the integumentary system

A

blood calcium regulation

137
Q

which layer of skin can the lamina propria be found

A

a papillary layer of the dermis

138
Q

what can be found in the diaphysis of a long bone

A

yellow bone marrow

139
Q

statement not true regarding bone tissue

A

the organic matrix is solely responsible for the strength of bone

140
Q

looking under a microscope and see the cells do not have a nucleus, what tissue types

A

1 and 3 correct
blood
stratified squamous keratinized

141
Q

best describes smooth muscle

A

1, 2, 3

fusiform ,uninucleate, involuntary

142
Q

joints that are classified as cartilaginous joints

A

2 and 4
ribs and sternum
pubic symphysis

Bio 281: A&P (6 decks)

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