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Bio 281: A&P > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

structures of CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

structures of PNS

A

spinal nerves
cranial nerves
ganglia
anything outside of CNS

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3
Q

the function of the nervous system

A

integrate sensory and motor information

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4
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

carry impulses to and from the spinal cord

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5
Q

ventral root

A

motor only

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6
Q

dorsal

A

sensory only

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7
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs
arise from the brain
carry impulses to and from the brain

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8
Q

somatic division sense

A

skeletal muscle and skin

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9
Q

general somatic afferents (GSA)

A

temperature, touch, pain, and pressure

all spinal nerves thru the dorsal root

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10
Q

special somatic afferents (SSA)

A

sight, sound, equilibrium

CN 2 and 8

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11
Q

general somatic efferents (GSE)

A

motor to skeletal muscle and skin
all spinal nerves thru ventral roots
some cranial nerves

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12
Q

general visceral afferents (GVA)

A

stretch, visceral pain, nausea

all spinal nerve thru dorsal roots

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13
Q

special visceral afferents (SVA)

A

smell and taste

cranial nerves

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14
Q

general visceral efferents (GVE)

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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15
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight

all spinal nerves thru ventral roots and some CN

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16
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest
CN 3, 7, 9, 10
S2-S4

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17
Q

effector tissue for somatic motor neurons

A

skeletal muscle

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18
Q

effector tissue for autonomic motor neurons

A

cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
glands

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19
Q

soma/cell body

A

nucleus, nucleolus, and granular cytoplasm

ribosomes

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20
Q

dendrites

A

short, thick diffusely branched process
transmit graded potentials toward the cell body
sever as a sensory input region

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21
Q

neurons

A

highly specialized cells that communicate via electrical impulses
extreme longevity
amitotic (cannot reproduce)
very high metabolic rate

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22
Q

axon

A

arise from the soma
transmit motor impulses away from the cell body
myelin sheath protects and electrically insulates the neuron

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23
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath

where electrical impulses flow

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24
Q

multipolar neurons

A

1 axon, many dendrites
most common type
major CNS neuron

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25
Q

bipolar neuron

A

1 axon, 1 dendrite

rare, found in the retina and olfactory mucosa

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26
Q

unipolar (pseudounipolar)

A

the single process from the cell body that divides into proximal and distal fibers
sensory neurons of PNS

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27
Q

glial cells

A

form a scaffolding for neurons

more numerous than neurons

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28
Q

sensory/afferent

A

from skin/internal organs to CNS
unipolar
cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia

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29
Q

motor/efferent

A

carry impulses away from CNS to effector organ (muscle/gland)
cell bodies in ventral and lateral horns

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30
Q

interneurons

A

in CNS between sensory and motor neurons
integration
multipolar
majority of neurons

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31
Q

astrocytes

A

star-shaped
most abundant glial cell
connect neurons to capillaries and transfer nutrients
blood-brain barriers
regulate ECF by taking up K+ and neurotransmitters

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32
Q

microglia

A

orid cells with long, thorny processes

a specialized type of macrophages

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33
Q

ependymal cells

A

lines cavities within the brain and spinal cord

squamous to columnar in shape, ciliates

34
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

forms myelin sheath around numerous axons

35
Q

satellite cells

A 
surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia
function similarly to astrocytes
36
Q

Schwann cells

A

form myelin sheath

essential to the regeneration of peripheral nerves

37
Q

general principles of electricity in the body

A

generate electrical signals when given stimuli
communication
separated charges (+ and -)
currents due to gradient
current is used to do work
Ohms law
resistance is any hindrance to the flow of charge

38
Q

Ohm’s law

A

V = IR
V: voltage
I: current
R: resistance

39
Q

resting membrane potential

A

the voltage across the plasma membrane found in most cells
the stimulus can change membrane permeability
alter ion concentrations

40
Q

RMP depolarization

A

decrease or loss in membrane potential
inside becomes less negative
K+ moves in

41
Q

RMP hyperpolarization

A

increase in membrane potential
inside becomes more negative
K+ moves out

42
Q

RMP repolarization

A

return to RMP

43
Q

graded/local potentials

A

dendrite or cell body
incoming signals operating over short distances
input signal
Na+, Cl-, CA+2
can be summed
the entry of ions via channels
depolarization (Na+) and hyperpolarization (K+, Cl-)

44
Q

action potentials

A 
long-distance signals of axons
conduction signal
axon hillock thru axon
Na+ and K+
cannot be summed
depolarization only (Na+)
refractory period- no summation
45
Q

definition of action potential

A

the sequence of membrane potential changes from RMP to a brief reversal of polarity

46
Q

the sequence of events in action potential

A

1) graded potential reach axon hillock and hyperpolarize the membrane to the threshold (-55)
2) depolarization of membrane causes voltage-gated channels to open, permeable to Na+
3) Na+ channels closed at activation and open during inactivation, the influx of Na+
- further, depolarization causes positive feedback, inside cell reaches +30
4) K+ channels open slowly in response to voltage
- K+ moves out = repolarization
5) some K+ channels remain open causing hyperpolarization
- excessive K+ efflux
- Na+ channels reset to the original position

47
Q

propagation of action potentials

A

1) graded potentials above the threshold at the axon hillock
2) voltage-gated Na+ channels open, Na+ enter the cell to depolarize the cell
3) positive charge flows into axon by current flow
4) creates a positive feedback loop, depolarization opens Na+ channels, continuous Na+ helps maintain the amplitude of AP
5) Na+ gates close, no new AP in that area, refractory period
6) K+ channels close and returns to RMP

48
Q

all-or-none phenomenon

A

weakest stimulus capable of generating an AP, if the stimulus is not at or above the threshold then AP will not be generated
-strong stimuli depolarize faster, weak stimuli depolarize slower

49
Q

absolute refractory period

A

the membrane is completely insensitive to further stimulation
the period between the opening of Na+ channels until they reset
ensures all-or-none

50
Q

relative refractory period

A

AP can be fired with a greater than normal stimulus
most of Na+ channels reset and activation gates closed, inactivation gates are open, K+ channels open
threshold elevated due to efflux of K+

51
Q

how to increase conduction velocity

A

the large diameter of axons

myelinated axons

52
Q

pre-synaptic membrane

A

cell membrane that transmits impulses to a synapse contains neurotransmitters

53
Q

post-synaptic membrane

A

cell membrane that transmits impulses away from the synapse, contains receptors for neurotransmitters

54
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic membranes contains ESF/ISF

55
Q

electrical synapse

A

gap junctions
low resistance between cells, easy to pass signal by moving ions
good for synchronizing cells
heart, smooth muscle, parts of the brain

56
Q

chemical synapse

A

specialized for the release and reception of neurotransmitters
junctions of cells

57
Q

mechanism of synaptic transmission

A

1) AP arrives at the axon terminal
2) voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open and Ca enters the cell
3) Ca+2 causes the vesicle containing neurotransmitters to be exocytosed into the synaptic cleft
4) neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft, and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
5) binding of neurotransmitters to the receptor, causes the protein to undergo a conformation change and opens ion channels
- graded potentials along the postsynaptic membrane
6) reuptake by astrocytes or the presynaptic terminal
- neurotransmitters stored or destroyed
- degradation by enzymes
7) diffusion away from synapse

58
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)

A

1) neurotransmitter binds to a receptor and causes a depolarization
2) chemically gated Na+ channels open and Na enters the cell and K+ leaves the cell
3) Na+ gradient is larger and is a net depolarization

59
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)

A

1) neurotransmitters bind to receptor and causes hyperpolarization
2) chemically gated K+ or Cl- channels open
- allows K+ efflux or Cl- influx
3) charge on the inside becomes more negative, less likely to fire an AP
4) large depolarizing currents are required to create an AP

60
Q

summation

A

adding together many EPSP to meet the threshold

61
Q

temporal summation

A

EPSPs added together over time
EPSP must be close together
causes waves of neurotransmitters to be released

62
Q

spatial summation

A

EPSP and IPSP added together over space
postsynaptic membrane stimulated by many presynaptic neurons
many receptors binding neurotransmitters causing simultaneously EPSP and IPSP at the axon hillock

63
Q

synaptic potentiation

A

larger than expected EPSP due to repeated use of synapse
increase in Ca+2 in
increase neurotransmitters released

64
Q

presynaptic inhibition

A

axoaxonic synapse
smaller than expected EPSP because 2nd axon reduces excitatory stimulus of 1st
fewer neurotransmitters are released

65
Q

neuromodulation

A

chemicals other than neurotransmitters that modify the action of neurons
drugs

66
Q

divergent pathways

A

one incoming fiber triggers a response in increasing numbers of neuron along the circuit
amplifying circuits

67
Q

convergent pathways

A

multiple neurons synapse with a single neuron

concentration of signal

68
Q

characteristics of neurotransmitters

A

considered neurocrines because they are transported thru the blood
created or transported to the presynaptic terminal
capable of producing an EPSP or IPSP
natural means of removal

69
Q

acetylcholine

A

released in the neuromuscular junction
broken down by acetylcholine esterase and recycles
too much or too little causes a problem
Alzheimer’s and Myasthenia Gravis

70
Q

biogenic amines

A

catecholamines

indoleamines

71
Q

neurotransmitters characterized by catecholamines

A

norepinephrine
epinephrine
dopamine
made from amino acid tyrosine

72
Q

neurotransmitters characterized by indoleamine

A

serotonin

histamine

73
Q

serotonin

A 
sleep induction, appetite, nausea, mood
made from tryptophan
depression: too little
schizophrenia: too much
activity blocked by LSD and enhanced by ecstasy
74
Q

histamine

A

made from histidine

involved in wakefulness, appetite control, learning, and memory

75
Q

amino acid as a neurotransmitter

A

found only in CNS

strychnine-inhibited glycine receptors result in uncontrolled convulsions and respiratory arrest

76
Q

neuropeptides

A

beta-endorphins
enkephalins
substance P
longer-acting than the rest of the hormones

77
Q

other neurotransmitters

A

ATP
NO
CO

78
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter

A

causes a depolarization (EPSP)

79
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

causes repolarization (IPSP)

80
Q

direct/ionotrophic neurotransmitter

A

neurotransmitters that open chemically gated channels

ACh and amino acids

81
Q

indirect/metabotrophic

A

second messenger systems (cyclic AMP)

82
Q

indirect mechanism

A

1) neurotransmitter (1st messenger) binds to the receptor
2) receptor undergoes a conformation change and binds to nearby G-protein and G-protein activated when GTP replaces GDP
3) activated G-protein binds to adenylate cyclase
4) adenylate cyclase generates cAMP (2nd messenger) from ATP
- cAMP is broken down by phosphodiesterase
5) cAMP opens/closes channels, activated enzymes, or activated genes which causes a response

Bio 281: A&P (6 decks)

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