final - endocrine, male and female reproductive Flashcards
1
Q
Endocrine system
A
- uses chemical com.
- starts/stops slowly
- widespread effects; less specific than nervous system
2
Q
Nervous system
A
- Uses both chemical and electrical com
- starts/stops fast
- local effects; precise
3
Q
exocrine glands
A
secrete products into ducts
4
Q
endocrine glands
A
secrete product directly into blood stream
5
Q
What makes cells a target for hormones?
A
receptors for that hormone
6
Q
what are the different classes of hormones?
A
- Lipid soluble
- Water soluble
- Amine Hormones
- Local Hormones
7
Q
Lipid Soluble Hormones
A
go into the cell to produce mRNA, which makes protein
-steroid, TH, and calcitriol
8
Q
steroids
A
not stored, protein bound so they are slow acting with the exception of aldosterone
9
Q
TH
A
goes into nucleus of cell and binds directly to a gene
10
Q
Calcitriol
A
Vitamin D
11
Q
Water soluble
A
protein hormones - ADH
-unbound and have short life
12
Q
amine hormones
A
- Thyroid
- Catecholamines
13
Q
Thyroid
A
- hydrophobic
- long life due to fat solubility
14
Q
catecholamines
A
Hydrophilic
15
Q
local hormones
A
- also known as paracrine hormones
- eicocanoids and arachidonic acid
16
Q
Eicocanoids
A
- primary local hormone
- control over inflammation, immunity, and acts as a messenger in CNS
17
Q
Arachidonic Acid
A
-precursor for inflammatory response
18
Q
Anti-Inflammatory drugs
A
-prevent Arachidonic acid from being pulled down and used
19
Q
Hypothalamus
A
- regulates pituitary gland and primitive functions of the body
- releases 2 hormones to be stored in p. pituitary
20
Q
pituitary gland
A
- Anterior: releases TSH, PRL,FSH, GH
- Posterior: stores ADH and Oxytocin
21
Q
Pineal gland
A
produces melatonin
shrinks as we age
22
Q
Thyroid gland
A
secretes calcitonin
23
Q
parathyroid
A
promotes synthesis of calcitriol
24
Q
adrenal gland
A
medulla: produces catecholamines
cortex: produces corticosteroids
25
pancreas
produces insulin
26
how are endocrine glands regulated?
negative and positive feedback
27
negative feedback
large amounts of hormones cause it to stop being produced or the release of something to lower it
28
positive feedback
high levels of a hormone cause more to be released
29
Hypothyroidism
lack of TH
30
hyperthyroidism
too much TH
31
Diabetes
the inability of the body to control blood glucose levels
32
how are hormones cleared from the body?
water soluble: the kidney
| fat soluble: through bile
33
3 ways that hormones react with one another
1. synergistic
2. antagonistic
3. permissive
34
synergistic
2+ hormones act together to have a greater effect
35
antagonistic
one hormone opposes the actions of another
| ex. insulin and glucagon
36
permissive
1 hormone enhances target organs response to a second hormone secreted later
37
stress response
1. alarm reaction
2. stage of resistance
3. stage of exhaustion
38
alarm reaction
catecholamines are released from nervous system (fast response)
39
stage of resistance
cortisol and catecholamines have longer lasting effects
40
stage of exhaustion
depleting reserves of the body because of all the cortisol
41
Paracrine secretions
large group of signaling hormones that don't circulate in the blood
42
what determines if a child will be genetically male or female?
the X or Y chromosome in the sperm that fertilized the egg
43
purpose in meiosis in men and its products
- 4 sperm are produced
| - meant to produce sperm for reproduction
44
seminal vessicle
produce sticky secretion that entangles sperm and sticks to inside of vagina
45
Bulbourethral gland
produce clear fluid to lubricate head of penis for sex
46
prostate gland
produces a secretion that buffers the acidity of the urethra and vagina
47
ductus deferens
carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
48
Epididyimis
site of sperm maturation and storage
49
ejaculatory duct
last of spermatic ducts before urethra
50
path that sperm takes
efferent duct - epididymis - ductus deferens -ejaculatory duct
51
penis
deposit semen and empty bladder
52
scrotum
house testis and keeps them cool
53
spermatic cord
houses ductus deferens, blood/lymph vessels, and testicular nerve
54
testis
produce sex hormones and sperm
55
parts of a sperm
head and tail
56
head
- nucleus: contains genes
| - acrosome: contains enzymes necessary to penetrate egg
57
tail
-Midpiece: contains mitochondria
58
capacitation
the ability of sperm to fertilize and egg
59
what regulates an erection?
the PSNS
60
ovaries
produce oocytes and sex hormones
61
uterine tubes
carry egg from ovary to uterus
62
uterus
meant to house a growing fetus
63
vagina
discharge of blood, receive penis and sperm, give birth
64
meiosis in females and its products
produces 1 egg and 2-3 polar bodies
we ovulate after meiosis I
we are born with all our eggs in prophase I
65
Corpus luteum
signals uterus to prepare for pregnancy
| stimulated by LH to release estrodial and progesterone
66
corpus albinicans
scar tissue left by corpus luteum
67
estrogen in menstrual cycle
starts rebuilding the endometrial layer of uterus
68
Inhibin in menstrual cycle
stops hormones from signaling
69
Progesterone in menstrual cycle
given off by luteum, stimulates endometrium to really build up
70
LH in menstrual cycle
stimulates the corpus luteum
71
stages of labor
- dilation
- expulsion
- placental
72
dilation
dilation of cervical canal and cervix itself
73
expulsion
the birth of the baby
74
placental
delivery of the placenta
75
HCG
stimulates corps luteum growth during pregnancy
76
estrogen
suppresses LH and FSH secretion during pregnancy
77
Progesterone
suppresses LH and FSH secretion and prevents menstruation during pregnancy
78
HCS
makes glucose available for fetus
79
aldosterone
fluid retention, raises mothers blood volume during pregnancy
80
zygote
singe diploid cell
81
cleavage
mitotic division of zygote
82
morula
spherical stage, right when egg leaves the oviduct
83
blastocyst
fluid filled sphere with an outer mass of trophoblast cells
84
embryonic stage
primary germ layers differentiate into organs
85
fetal stage
organs grow and mature
86
teratogens
things that cause birth defects
87
nondisjuntion
pair of chromosomes that fails to seperate
88
aneuploidy
presence of an extra chromosome of lack of one
89
primitive streak
structure that forms in early stages of embryonic stage that sets up our longitudinal line of symmetry
90
what stops polyspermy
fast and slow blocks
91
fast block
binding of sperm opens Na channels in egg membrane
92
slow block
involves granules just below the membrane that basically form a moat
93
extoderm
forms skin, brain, nervous system, and external tissue
94
mesoderm
forms muscle, skeletal and circulatory systems
95
endoderm
forms lining of gut and other internal organs
96
trophoblast
forms support structures during pregnancy
| ex. placenta, umbilical cord
97
chorion
allows transfer of nutrients from mothers blood to babies
98
amnion
surrounds and protects embryo
99
yolk sac
functions as circulatory system before internal circulation begins
100
allontois
collects liquid waste from embryo as well as gas exchange
101
dizygotic
2 nuclei
102
monozygotic
1 nucleus
103
calcitonin
lowers Ca levels
104
Oxytocin
emotional bonding, stimulate contraction
105
mineralocorticoids
regulate bodies electrolyte balance
106
glucagon
lowers blood glucose levels
107
thyroxin
stimulates GH secretion
108
steroid hormones
derived from cholesterol
| ex. aldosterone, calcitriol
109
peptide hormones
chains of amino acids
| ex. GRH, oxytocin, FSH and GH
110
aldosterone
stimulates kidneys to retain Na and fluid to maintain BP and blood volume
111
cholesterol
fat
112
estrogen
female sex hormone
113
testosterone
male sex horomone
114
ADH
aids in retention of water
115
Insulin
raises blood glucose levels
116
epinephrine
catecholamine, vasoconstrictor
117
norepinephrine
catecholamine, vasodilator
118
cortisol/corticosteroids
steroid hormones
119
omega-3
reduces inflammation
120
Omega-6
essential for growth and development
121
progesterone
regulates menstrual cycle and prepares mammary glands for lactation
122
GnRH
promotes secretion of LH and FSH
123
LH
ovulation and maintenance or luteum in females and testosterone secretion in males
124
FSH
growth of follicles in females and sperm production in males
125
Prolactin
stimulates mammary ducts in women
126
hormone clearance
removing hormones from the body
127
luteal phase
formation of corpus luteum
128
Mutagens
influences from the environment that cause mutations
129
gastrulation
multiplying of cells migrating toward the primitive groove and into it
130
oviducts
fallopian tubes
131
clitoris
entirely sensory bundle of nerves
132
follicle
houses the egg in the ovary
133
ovum
egg
134
oocyte
immature egg cell
135
seminiferous tubules
ducts where sperm are produced
136
sertoli cells
protect maturing sperm cells
137
interstitial cells
source of testosterone in men
138
zygote
single celled fertilized egg
139
fetus
baby from 9th week to birth
140
layers of uterus
endometrium
| myometrium
141
morula
fertilized egg right as it enters the uterus
142
blastocyst
fertilized egg as a fluid filled sphere shape
143
embryo
organs are lain down but not mature
144
placenta
fetal nutrition
