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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > final - endocrine, male and female reproductive > Flashcards

final - endocrine, male and female reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system

A
  • uses chemical com.
  • starts/stops slowly
  • widespread effects; less specific than nervous system
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2
Q

Nervous system

A
  • Uses both chemical and electrical com
  • starts/stops fast
  • local effects; precise
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3
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete products into ducts

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4
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete product directly into blood stream

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5
Q

What makes cells a target for hormones?

A

receptors for that hormone

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6
Q

what are the different classes of hormones?

A
  • Lipid soluble
  • Water soluble
  • Amine Hormones
  • Local Hormones
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7
Q

Lipid Soluble Hormones

A

go into the cell to produce mRNA, which makes protein

-steroid, TH, and calcitriol

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8
Q

steroids

A

not stored, protein bound so they are slow acting with the exception of aldosterone

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9
Q

TH

A

goes into nucleus of cell and binds directly to a gene

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10
Q

Calcitriol

A

Vitamin D

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11
Q

Water soluble

A

protein hormones - ADH

-unbound and have short life

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12
Q

amine hormones

A
  • Thyroid

- Catecholamines

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13
Q

Thyroid

A
  • hydrophobic

- long life due to fat solubility

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14
Q

catecholamines

A

Hydrophilic

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15
Q

local hormones

A
  • also known as paracrine hormones

- eicocanoids and arachidonic acid

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16
Q

Eicocanoids

A
  • primary local hormone

- control over inflammation, immunity, and acts as a messenger in CNS

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17
Q

Arachidonic Acid

A

-precursor for inflammatory response

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18
Q

Anti-Inflammatory drugs

A

-prevent Arachidonic acid from being pulled down and used

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • regulates pituitary gland and primitive functions of the body
  • releases 2 hormones to be stored in p. pituitary
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20
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • Anterior: releases TSH, PRL,FSH, GH

- Posterior: stores ADH and Oxytocin

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21
Q

Pineal gland

A

produces melatonin

shrinks as we age

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22
Q

Thyroid gland

A

secretes calcitonin

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23
Q

parathyroid

A

promotes synthesis of calcitriol

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24
Q

adrenal gland

A

medulla: produces catecholamines
cortex: produces corticosteroids

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25
Q

pancreas

A

produces insulin

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26
Q

how are endocrine glands regulated?

A

negative and positive feedback

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27
Q

negative feedback

A

large amounts of hormones cause it to stop being produced or the release of something to lower it

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28
Q

positive feedback

A

high levels of a hormone cause more to be released

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29
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

lack of TH

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30
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

too much TH

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31
Q

Diabetes

A

the inability of the body to control blood glucose levels

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32
Q

how are hormones cleared from the body?

A

water soluble: the kidney

fat soluble: through bile

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33
Q

3 ways that hormones react with one another

A
  1. synergistic
  2. antagonistic
  3. permissive
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34
Q

synergistic

A

2+ hormones act together to have a greater effect

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35
Q

antagonistic

A

one hormone opposes the actions of another

ex. insulin and glucagon

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36
Q

permissive

A

1 hormone enhances target organs response to a second hormone secreted later

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37
Q

stress response

A
  1. alarm reaction
  2. stage of resistance
  3. stage of exhaustion
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38
Q

alarm reaction

A

catecholamines are released from nervous system (fast response)

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39
Q

stage of resistance

A

cortisol and catecholamines have longer lasting effects

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40
Q

stage of exhaustion

A

depleting reserves of the body because of all the cortisol

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41
Q

Paracrine secretions

A

large group of signaling hormones that don’t circulate in the blood

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42
Q

what determines if a child will be genetically male or female?

A

the X or Y chromosome in the sperm that fertilized the egg

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43
Q

purpose in meiosis in men and its products

A
  • 4 sperm are produced

- meant to produce sperm for reproduction

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44
Q

seminal vessicle

A

produce sticky secretion that entangles sperm and sticks to inside of vagina

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45
Q

Bulbourethral gland

A

produce clear fluid to lubricate head of penis for sex

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46
Q

prostate gland

A

produces a secretion that buffers the acidity of the urethra and vagina

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47
Q

ductus deferens

A

carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

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48
Q

Epididyimis

A

site of sperm maturation and storage

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49
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

last of spermatic ducts before urethra

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50
Q

path that sperm takes

A

efferent duct - epididymis - ductus deferens -ejaculatory duct

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51
Q

penis

A

deposit semen and empty bladder

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52
Q

scrotum

A

house testis and keeps them cool

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53
Q

spermatic cord

A

houses ductus deferens, blood/lymph vessels, and testicular nerve

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54
Q

testis

A

produce sex hormones and sperm

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55
Q

parts of a sperm

A

head and tail

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56
Q

head

A
  • nucleus: contains genes

- acrosome: contains enzymes necessary to penetrate egg

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57
Q

tail

A

-Midpiece: contains mitochondria

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58
Q

capacitation

A

the ability of sperm to fertilize and egg

59
Q

what regulates an erection?

A

the PSNS

60
Q

ovaries

A

produce oocytes and sex hormones

61
Q

uterine tubes

A

carry egg from ovary to uterus

62
Q

uterus

A

meant to house a growing fetus

63
Q

vagina

A

discharge of blood, receive penis and sperm, give birth

64
Q

meiosis in females and its products

A

produces 1 egg and 2-3 polar bodies
we ovulate after meiosis I
we are born with all our eggs in prophase I

65
Q

Corpus luteum

A

signals uterus to prepare for pregnancy

stimulated by LH to release estrodial and progesterone

66
Q

corpus albinicans

A

scar tissue left by corpus luteum

67
Q

estrogen in menstrual cycle

A

starts rebuilding the endometrial layer of uterus

68
Q

Inhibin in menstrual cycle

A

stops hormones from signaling

69
Q

Progesterone in menstrual cycle

A

given off by luteum, stimulates endometrium to really build up

70
Q

LH in menstrual cycle

A

stimulates the corpus luteum

71
Q

stages of labor

A
  • dilation
  • expulsion
  • placental
72
Q

dilation

A

dilation of cervical canal and cervix itself

73
Q

expulsion

A

the birth of the baby

74
Q

placental

A

delivery of the placenta

75
Q

HCG

A

stimulates corps luteum growth during pregnancy

76
Q

estrogen

A

suppresses LH and FSH secretion during pregnancy

77
Q

Progesterone

A

suppresses LH and FSH secretion and prevents menstruation during pregnancy

78
Q

HCS

A

makes glucose available for fetus

79
Q

aldosterone

A

fluid retention, raises mothers blood volume during pregnancy

80
Q

zygote

A

singe diploid cell

81
Q

cleavage

A

mitotic division of zygote

82
Q

morula

A

spherical stage, right when egg leaves the oviduct

83
Q

blastocyst

A

fluid filled sphere with an outer mass of trophoblast cells

84
Q

embryonic stage

A

primary germ layers differentiate into organs

85
Q

fetal stage

A

organs grow and mature

86
Q

teratogens

A

things that cause birth defects

87
Q

nondisjuntion

A

pair of chromosomes that fails to seperate

88
Q

aneuploidy

A

presence of an extra chromosome of lack of one

89
Q

primitive streak

A

structure that forms in early stages of embryonic stage that sets up our longitudinal line of symmetry

90
Q

what stops polyspermy

A

fast and slow blocks

91
Q

fast block

A

binding of sperm opens Na channels in egg membrane

92
Q

slow block

A

involves granules just below the membrane that basically form a moat

93
Q

extoderm

A

forms skin, brain, nervous system, and external tissue

94
Q

mesoderm

A

forms muscle, skeletal and circulatory systems

95
Q

endoderm

A

forms lining of gut and other internal organs

96
Q

trophoblast

A

forms support structures during pregnancy

ex. placenta, umbilical cord

97
Q

chorion

A

allows transfer of nutrients from mothers blood to babies

98
Q

amnion

A

surrounds and protects embryo

99
Q

yolk sac

A

functions as circulatory system before internal circulation begins

100
Q

allontois

A

collects liquid waste from embryo as well as gas exchange

101
Q

dizygotic

A

2 nuclei

102
Q

monozygotic

A

1 nucleus

103
Q

calcitonin

A

lowers Ca levels

104
Q

Oxytocin

A

emotional bonding, stimulate contraction

105
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

regulate bodies electrolyte balance

106
Q

glucagon

A

lowers blood glucose levels

107
Q

thyroxin

A

stimulates GH secretion

108
Q

steroid hormones

A

derived from cholesterol

ex. aldosterone, calcitriol

109
Q

peptide hormones

A

chains of amino acids

ex. GRH, oxytocin, FSH and GH

110
Q

aldosterone

A

stimulates kidneys to retain Na and fluid to maintain BP and blood volume

111
Q

cholesterol

A

fat

112
Q

estrogen

A

female sex hormone

113
Q

testosterone

A

male sex horomone

114
Q

ADH

A

aids in retention of water

115
Q

Insulin

A

raises blood glucose levels

116
Q

epinephrine

A

catecholamine, vasoconstrictor

117
Q

norepinephrine

A

catecholamine, vasodilator

118
Q

cortisol/corticosteroids

A

steroid hormones

119
Q

omega-3

A

reduces inflammation

120
Q

Omega-6

A

essential for growth and development

121
Q

progesterone

A

regulates menstrual cycle and prepares mammary glands for lactation

122
Q

GnRH

A

promotes secretion of LH and FSH

123
Q

LH

A

ovulation and maintenance or luteum in females and testosterone secretion in males

124
Q

FSH

A

growth of follicles in females and sperm production in males

125
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulates mammary ducts in women

126
Q

hormone clearance

A

removing hormones from the body

127
Q

luteal phase

A

formation of corpus luteum

128
Q

Mutagens

A

influences from the environment that cause mutations

129
Q

gastrulation

A

multiplying of cells migrating toward the primitive groove and into it

130
Q

oviducts

A

fallopian tubes

131
Q

clitoris

A

entirely sensory bundle of nerves

132
Q

follicle

A

houses the egg in the ovary

133
Q

ovum

A

egg

134
Q

oocyte

A

immature egg cell

135
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

ducts where sperm are produced

136
Q

sertoli cells

A

protect maturing sperm cells

137
Q

interstitial cells

A

source of testosterone in men

138
Q

zygote

A

single celled fertilized egg

139
Q

fetus

A

baby from 9th week to birth

140
Q

layers of uterus

A

endometrium

myometrium

141
Q

morula

A

fertilized egg right as it enters the uterus

142
Q

blastocyst

A

fertilized egg as a fluid filled sphere shape

143
Q

embryo

A

organs are lain down but not mature

144
Q

placenta

A

fetal nutrition

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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