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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Biol 224 Exam 1 Wone > Flashcards

Biol 224 Exam 1 Wone Flashcards

0
Q

Parietal Pericardium

A

Double walled outer sac

Tough

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1
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Filled with pericardial fluid

Lubricates the heart to reduce friction

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2
Q

Visceral Pericardium

A

= to epicardium

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3
Q

Epicardium

A

Outermost wall of the heart

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4
Q

Endocardium

A

Lines the heart chambers

Covers valve surfaces

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5
Q

Myocardium

A

Lies between the epicardium and endocardium

Performs the work of the heart

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9
Q

Blood flow in the heart

A

Vena cava -> R. Atrium -> Tri. Valve -> R. Ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary veins-> L. Atrium -> Bi. Valve -> L. Ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> body -> heart

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10
Q

What is the cause of angina?

A

Obstruction of coronary blood flow

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11
Q

Cause of MI

A

Sudden death of heart tissue from long-term obstruction of a coronary artery

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12
Q

Cause of congestive heart failure

A

Failure of either ventricle to eject blood properly

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13
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Located between right atrium and right ventricle

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14
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

Located between left atrium and left ventricle

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15
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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16
Q

Aortic valve

A

Located between left ventricle and aorta

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17
Q

Pacemaker potential

A

The gradual depolarization of polarized tissue

Cause: slow inflow of Na without compensating outflow of K

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18
Q

Calcium-induced calcium release

A

Bringing calcium into a cell to release the calcium in the SR

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19
Q

Electrical excitation of the SA node

A

SA node -> atrial myocardium -> AV node -> AV bundle -> purkinje fibers -> ventricular myocardium

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20
Q

P-wave

A

Atrial depolarization

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21
Q

QRS-wave

A

Atrial repolarization

Ventricular depolarization

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22
Q

T-wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

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23
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Abnormal cardiac rhythm

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24
Q

Tachycardia

A

Heart beats too fast

> 100 BPM

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25
Q

Bradycardia

A

Heart beats too slow

<60 BPM

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26
Q

Ectopic Focci

A

Spontaneous firing somewhere other than the SA node

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27
Q

“Lub” sound

A

Tri upside and bicuspid valve closing at the same time

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28
Q

“Dub” sound

A

Aortic and pulmonary valves closing

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29
Q

Ventricular filling

A

Ventricles expand and fill with blood

Atria polarize

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30
Q

Contraction

A

Ventricles depolarize
Atria depolarize
Contraction begins

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31
Q

Ventricular Ejection

A

Ejection of blood

Ventricles begin repolarization

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32
Q

Relaxation

A

Full ventricular repolarization

Relaxation of heart muscles

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33
Q

Cardiac Output (CO)

A

Amount of blood ejected by ventricle in one minute

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34
Q

Starlings law

A

The more heart muscle stretches, the stronger the contraction

35
Q

Pre-load

A

Depends on amount of blood in the ventricles

Higher amount of blood = higher pre-load

36
Q

After load

A

BP in aorta and pulmonary trunk immediately distal to semilunar valves

(Basically amount of blood left in heart after contraction)

37
Q

Stroke Volume ( SV)

A

Increased: increase preload or contractility
Decreased: increased after load

38
Q

Heart Rate

A

Increased: exercise, SNS
Decreased: rest, PNS

39
Q

Tunica Interna

A

Lines inside of blood vessels

Exposed to blood

40
Q

Tunica Media

A

Middle layer of blood vessel
Thickest layer usually
Produces vasomotion

41
Q

Tunics Externa

A

Outermost layer of blood vessel

Anchors the blood vessel

42
Q

Conducting arteries

A

Biggest
Aorta, common carotid, subclavian
VASOMOTION

43
Q

Resistance Arteries

A

Smallest

No names, too small and numerable

44
Q

Metarterioles

A

Connect Arterioles to capillaries

45
Q

Distributing arteries

A

Deliver blood to specific organs

Brachial, femoral, renal, and splenic

46
Q

Postcapillary venues

A

Smallest veins

More porous than capillaries

47
Q

Muscular venues

A

Receives blood from postcapillary venules

48
Q

Medium veins

A

Most veins with individual names

Radial,ulnar, etc.

49
Q

Venous sinuses

A

NO VASOMOTION

veins with especially thin walls

50
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Occur in most tissues

Tight junctions and intercellular clefts

51
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Occur in kidneys and small intestine
In organs that require rapid absorption and filtration
VASOMOTION

52
Q

Sinusoids

A

VERY LEAKY
liver, bone marrow
Allow things to enter circulation (new RBC’s)

53
Q

Simple circulatory route

A

Heart to arteries to capillaries to veins to heart

54
Q

Portal System

A

Blood flows through two cones consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart

55
Q

Cardiac shock

A

Cardiac abnormalities decrease ability of heart to pump blood

56
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

Diminished blood volume

57
Q

Vascular shock

A

Decreased vascular tone / widespread vasodilation

58
Q

Obstructed venous return shock

A

Obstructed blood flow

59
Q

Septic shock

A

Bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation

60
Q

Anaphylactic shock

A

Severe immune reaction

61
Q

Hypertension

A

High resting BP

62
Q

Hypotension

A

Low resting BP

63
Q

Edema

A

Accumulation of excess fluid in tissue

64
Q

Varicose veins

A

Pooling of blood in the legs from standing for long periods of time causes veins to become hyperextended.

65
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

Pick up oxygen from lungs and co2 from the body

66
Q

Platelets

A

Promotes clotting
Stick together to begin clot
Secrete vasoconstrictors to stop bleeding

67
Q

Leukocytes

A

Protect us against disease

68
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most abundant WBC

destroy bacteria

69
Q

Eosinophils

A

Hard to find
Weaken/destroy large parasites
Ex: hookworm

70
Q

Basophils

A

Rarest WBC

Secrete: histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant)

71
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Second most abundant WBC

72
Q

Monocyte

A

Largest

Premature macrophage

73
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Synthesis of blood cells

74
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Synthesis of leukocytes

75
Q

Vascular spasm

A

Prompt contraction of a broken blood vessel

76
Q

Platelet Plug Formation

A

Collagen fibers break platelets, causing them to rupture and stick together to for the beginnings of a clot

Stays active until broken vessel is sealed

77
Q

Blood clotting

A

Last and most effective against bleeding

78
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

Dissolution of a clot

80
Q

Deoxygenated blood vessels of the heart

A

Vena Cava

Pulmonary Artery

81
Q

Oxygenated blood vessels of the heart

A

Aorta

Pulmonary Veins

82
Q

What vessels supply the heart itself with blood

A

Anterior and posterior interventricular branches
Circumflex branch
Right marginal branch

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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