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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > digestive and urinary system > Flashcards

digestive and urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the tissue layers that make up the digestive tract?

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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2
Q

mucosa

A

innermost layer of digestive tract

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3
Q

submucosa

A

middle layer of digestive tract layers

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4
Q

muscularis

A

outermost muscular layer with 2 types of muscle:

longitudinal and circular

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5
Q

serosa

A

the outermost layer of the digestive tract, houses the other three layers inside it

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6
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity

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7
Q

mesenteries

A

2 layers of peritoneum fused together that anchor organs to the cavity wall

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8
Q

mouth

A

ingestion, tasting, and chewing

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9
Q

pharynx

A

muscular funnel which connects mouth to esophagus

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10
Q

esophagus

A

used for swallowing, no digestive purposes

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11
Q

stomach

A

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

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12
Q

small intestine

A

nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

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13
Q

3 segments of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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14
Q

large intestine

A

absorbs water and salts and eliminates feces

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15
Q

liver

A

secretes bile that contributes to digestion

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16
Q

pancreas

A

produces most of the digestive enzymes in their zymogen form

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17
Q

gallbladder

A

stores bile for future use

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18
Q

amylase

A

produced in mouth
breaks down starch
enzyme

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19
Q

trypsin

A

produced by pancreas
digests protein
enzyme

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20
Q

gastrin

A

produced in stomach
stimulates acid production
hormone

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21
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

produced in duodenum in response to fat

stimulates gallbladder to release bile

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22
Q

secretin

A

produced by small intestine in response to chyme
stimulate liver and pancreas to secrete bicarbonate
buffers HCL

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23
Q

pepsin

A

secreted by chief cells in the stomach
digests protein
enzyme

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24
Q

carboxypeptidase

A

produced by pancreas
removes amino acids from end of chain
enzyme

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25
Q

Dipeptidase

A

produced in pancreas
splits dipeptides to release 2 peptides
Enzyme

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26
Q

Lysozyme

A

produced in salivary glands
kills bacteria
enzyme

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27
Q

pancreatic juice

A

produced by pancreas

mix of zymogens released into duodenum

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28
Q

HCL

A

produced in stomach
breaks down food particles in the stomach
acid

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29
Q

bicarbonate

A

produced in stomach
maintains ph in body
hormone

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30
Q

bile salts

A

produced in liver
aids in fat digestion
steroid

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31
Q

disaccharidase

A

produced in pancreas
breaks down disaccharides
enzyme

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32
Q

somatostatin

A

produced in stomach
inhibits acid production
hormone

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33
Q

what controls/contributes to HCL production?

A

stimulation by ACh, histamine, and gastrin

high if all three ligands bind, low if it is only one

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34
Q

enteric NS

A

located between layers of the digestive system

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35
Q

short reflexes

A

stretching or chemical stimulation triggers contraction of smooth muscle

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36
Q

long reflexes

A

autonomic nerves trigger contraction of smooth muscle

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37
Q

mechanical breakdown

A

physical breakdown of food, chewing and swallowing

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38
Q

chemical breakdown

A

use of chemicals, enzyme, and hormones to break down food

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39
Q

what are proteins broken down into?

A

broken down into shorter peptide chains

40
Q

what are fats broken down into?

A

2 free fatty acids and a monoglyceride by lipase’s

41
Q

what are carbohydrates broken down into?

A

eventually broken down into glucose

42
Q

components of saliva

A

mainly water + mucus, lysozymes, amylase, and lingual lipase

43
Q

zymogens

A

inactive enzymes

44
Q

segmentation

A

movement of haustra in the intestine

45
Q

peristalsis

A

muscular contraction that pushed food through a tube

46
Q

cephalic phase of gastric function

A

stomach responds to smell, sight, taste, or thought of food

47
Q

gastric phase of gastric function

A

swallowed food activates gastric activity

48
Q

intestinal phase of gastric function

A

duodenum responds to chyme and moderates gastric activity through hormones and nervous reflexes

49
Q

three phases that control gastric function

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

50
Q

how are carbohydrates absorbed

A

turned into glucose and used as energy

51
Q

how are lipid’s absorbed

A

broken down and reformed over and over again until it cant be anymore

52
Q

how are proteins absorbed

A

broken down into free amino acids, then taken away by hepatic portal circulation

53
Q

Lacteals

A

absorb fat from the digestive system in the small intestine

54
Q

sphincters

A

esophageal
pyloric
ileocecal
anal

55
Q

functions of bacterial flora in the colon

A

extract the nutrients we cant

digest things we cant like pectin

56
Q

2 reflexes that control defecation

A
  1. intrinsic defecation reflex

2. parasympathetic defecation reflex

57
Q

intrinsic defecation reflex

A

involuntary but also relatively weak

drives feces towards the anus

58
Q

parasympathetic defecation reflex

A

stretching signal sends signal to spinal cord which sends back signal to intensify peristalsis in descending and sigmoid colon and relax internal anal sphincter

59
Q

functions of the urinary system

A

excretion of waste
regulation of blood volume and pressure
regulation of solutes in the blood

60
Q

nephron

A

regulates water and solutes by filtration of the blood

61
Q

renal corpuscle

A

houses bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

62
Q

bowman’s capsule

A

houses filtrate, surrounds glomerulus

63
Q

glomerulus

A

place where blood comes to the kidney for filtration

64
Q

renal tubule

A

duct that leads away from the glomerulus

separated into 4 parts

65
Q

proximal tubule

A

majority of absorption

66
Q

nephron loop

A

releases water in descending tube and releases solutes in ascending tube

67
Q

distal tubule

A

active transportation of sodium

68
Q

collecting tube

A

one for many nephrons

collects almost finished product and finished final filtration

69
Q

kidney

A

filters blood contents and forms urine

70
Q

ureter

A

tubes connecting kidneys to bladder

71
Q

bladder

A

holds final urine product for excretion

72
Q

urethra

A

tube leading from bladder to the outside of body for expulsion

73
Q

3 stages of urine formation

A

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

74
Q

filtration

A

movement of materials across filtration membrane

75
Q

reabsorption

A

solute reabsorbed across wall of nephron

76
Q

secretion

A

solute secreted from peritubular capillary into filtrate

77
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

glomerular capillary BP, very high

78
Q

colloid osmotic pressure

A

pulls water back into capillary

79
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

fluid inside bowman’s capsule opposing fluid movement into capsule

80
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

the rate the kidneys filter blood

depends on pressure in and around glomerulus

81
Q

renal autoregulation

A

ability of nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without external help

82
Q

2 methods of renal autoregulation

A

Myogenic mechanism

tubuloglomerular feedback

83
Q

myogenic mechanism

A

tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched

84
Q

tubuloglomerular feedback

A

circle of nerves wrapped around distal tubules that cause contraction when stretched

85
Q

renin

A

increases BP

86
Q

ADH

A

increases BP

87
Q

ANH

A

lowers BP

88
Q

renal clearance

A

volume of blood plasma from which a particular waste is completely removed in 1 minute

89
Q

countercurrent multiplier

A

ascending tubule of nephron loop

90
Q

countercurrent exchange system

A

descending tubule of nephron loop

91
Q

micturition reflex

A

peeing

92
Q

transport maximum

A

the highest rate of transfer in and out of the nephron loop

93
Q

what affects tubular reabsorption

A

hydration, functionality of kidney’s, saltiness of ones diet

94
Q

what maintains the concentration gradient of the renal medulla?

A

a constant exchange of salts and water

95
Q

diuretics

A

any chemical that increases urine volume

acts on nephron loop to inhibit ascending tubules ability by making medulla less salt

96
Q

PTH

A

increases phosphate content and decreases Ca content of urine
responds to Ca deficiency in blood

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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