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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Lymph

A

Picks up things such as fats, bacteria, and hormones

Clear and colorless

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1
Q

Functions of lymphatic system

A

Fluid balance
Immunity
Absorbing fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system and transport them to the veins

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2
Q

Lacteals

A

Ducts that pick up fat from the digestive system

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3
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Transport the lymph

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4
Q

Bone marrow

A

Responsible for hemopoiesis and immunity

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5
Q

Thymus

A

House the developing lymphocytes

Degenerates with age

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6
Q

Tonsils

A

Guard against inhaled and ingested pathogens

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7
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

Most often infected

Located at back of oral cavity

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8
Q

Lingual tonsils

A

Pair of tonsils at the base of tongue

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9
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils

A

Single tonsil on wall of nasopharynx

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10
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Cleanse the lymph

Act as site of T and B cell activation

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11
Q

Spleen

A

Erythrocytes graveyard, RBC disposal
Red pulp-filled with erythrocytes
White pulp-filled with lymphocytes and macrophages

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12
Q

NK cell

A

Attack and destroy bacteria

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13
Q

T-cell

A

Directly attack and destroy invaders

4 kinds

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14
Q

Tc cell

A

Carry out attack on foreign cells

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15
Q

Th cell

A

Promote actions of Tc cells

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16
Q

Tr cells

A

Inhibit multiplication and cytokines excretion

Seem to help prevent autoimmune disease

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17
Q

Tm cells

A

Memory cells, responsible for memory of invaders for future reference

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18
Q

B cells

A

Differentiate into plasma cells in response to infection

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19
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytize dead tissue, bacteria, etc.

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20
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Mobile APC’s

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21
Q

Reticular cells

A

Stationary APC’s

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22
Q

First line of defense

A

Skin and mucous membranes

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23
Q

Lysozyme

A

Enzyme that destroys bacterial cells walls

Part of mucous membrane defense

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24
Q

Second line of defense

A

Also called innate immunity, we are born with this line of defense and it is antigen nonspecific

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25
Q

Functions of second line of defense

A
  • Recruiting cells-inflammation and fever
  • Activation of complement cascade
  • Identify and remove foreign objects via phagocytosis
  • Activation of adaptive immunity
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26
Q

Lymphokine

A

Released a cell to call other cells to points of injury or infectio

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27
Q

Lymphokine

A

Produced by activated lymphocyte

-2 types: interferon types one and two

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28
Q

Interferon type I

A

“Kill me” signal secreted by virally infected cell

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29
Q

Interferon type II

A

Activator of macrophages

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30
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Complement system
Fever
Vasodilation

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31
Q

Fever

A

Abnormal elevation in body temperature
Promote interferon activity
Inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses

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32
Q

Pyrogen

A

Fever inducing substances

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33
Q

Anti-pyretic

A

Fever reducing medications

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34
Q

Compliments systems

A

Classical
Alternative
Lectin

35
Q

Classical pathway

A

Antibody mediated

Used for previously encountered pathogens

36
Q

Alternative pathway

A

Antibody dependent

Only specific antigens can activate this path

37
Q

Lectin pathway

A

Antibody dependent

Sets off another cascade of C3 production

38
Q

Tissue cleanup

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Edema

39
Q

Edema

A

Reduces venous drainage but opens lymphatic capillaries

40
Q

Third line of defense

A

Adaptive immunity
Specific against particular pathogens
Specific and memorized for future reference

41
Q

Active immunity

A

Using ones own antibodies to fight

42
Q

Passive immunity

A

Using another persons antibodies to fight

43
Q

Leukotriene

A

Activate/attract neutrophils and eosinophils

44
Q

Histamine

A

A vasodilator to speed the delivery of leukocyte so to an infected area

45
Q

Heparin

A

Anticoagulant

Inhibits blood clots that would impede mobility of leukocytes

46
Q

Cellular immunity

A

Uses T cells to attack foreign invaders

47
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Uses antibodies to attack invaders

48
Q

Interferon

A

A protein secreted by cells that have been virally infected

49
Q

Inflammation

A

Local defense to prevent the spread of pathogens

50
Q

Lectin

A

Plasma protein that binds to carbs

51
Q

C protein

A

Inactive protein that flows in the blood

When activated the compliment cascade begins

52
Q

Immune clearance

A

RBC connects to foreign material and takes it to the spleen or liver. RBC detaches and leaves the foreign object to die there

53
Q

Immune surveillance

A

NK cells flow in blood on patrol for anything out of the norm

54
Q

Perforins

A

Released by Nk cells

Create a hole in targets membrane

55
Q

Granzymes

A

Released by Nk cell after perforins

Protein degrading enzyme dropped into hole

56
Q

Interleukins

A

Chemical signal from one cell to another

57
Q

Cytokines

A

Proteins that serve as chemical communication channel between immune cells

58
Q

Chemotaxis

A

A cellular attraction to chemicals that guide them to sites of infection or injury

59
Q

Antigen

A

A molecule that triggers an immune response

60
Q

MHCI

A

Shows self to other cells of the body

61
Q

MHCII

A

Occurs only on APC’s, displays foreign antigen

62
Q

Antibodies

A

A protein that reacts with an antigen

63
Q

Plasma cell

A

A cell that secretes antibodies

64
Q

APC’s

A

Bring foreign material to T cells to present what they have found, be it harmful or not

65
Q

Natural active immunity

A

Production of our own antibodies from natural exposure to disease

66
Q

Artificial active immunity

A

Our own antibodies as a result of vaccination

67
Q

Natural passive immunity

A

Temporary immunity that results from acquiring another persons antibodies

68
Q

Artificial passive immunity

A

Temporary immunity that results from a shot of immune serum (tetanus, snakebite, rabies, etc.)

69
Q

As we breath in, what pressure change occurs?

A

Pressure in the lungs lowers causing an inflow of air

70
Q

As we breath out, how does the pressure in our lungs change?

A

Pressure increases in lungs forcing the air out

71
Q

Diapraghm

A

Relaxes as we exhale and moves up

Contracts as we inhale causing it to move down

72
Q

External intercostals

A

Lift chest up and out as we inhale

73
Q

Internal intercostals

A

Bring chest down and in as we exhale

74
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Pressure of the air around us

75
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

Pressure between the parietal and visceral pleura

76
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure

A

Pressure within the lungs

77
Q

Low pH causes our breathing to_________

A

Increase

78
Q

High pH causes our breathing to _______

A

Decrease/slow

79
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A

Brain stem neurons

Respond to pH change in CSF

80
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Located in carotid and aortic bodies of arteries above the heart
Respond to O2 and CO2 changes in blood and blood pH

81
Q

Stretch receptors

A

Respond to inflation of the lungs

82
Q

Irritant receptors

A

Nerve endings in airways that respond to irritants

83
Q

Surfactants

A

A mix of phospholipids and proteins that coats the alveoli to prevent them from sticking together

84
Q

Ventilation perfusion

A

Physiological responses to match airflow and blood flow

85
Q

What affects gas exchange in alveoli?

A 
Ventilation-perfusion
Pressure gradients of gases
Solubility of the gases
Membrane thickness
Area of membrane
86
Q

Some consequences of emphysema

A
  • Alveoli expand and sometimes burst, less effective for breathing
  • Passages open for airflow in but prevent air from escaping out, air becomes trapped
  • Person becomes barrel chested and always short of breath for normal everyday tasks

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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