Exam 2 Flashcards
Lymph
Picks up things such as fats, bacteria, and hormones
Clear and colorless
Functions of lymphatic system
Fluid balance
Immunity
Absorbing fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system and transport them to the veins
Lacteals
Ducts that pick up fat from the digestive system
Lymphatic vessels
Transport the lymph
Bone marrow
Responsible for hemopoiesis and immunity
Thymus
House the developing lymphocytes
Degenerates with age
Tonsils
Guard against inhaled and ingested pathogens
Palatine tonsils
Most often infected
Located at back of oral cavity
Lingual tonsils
Pair of tonsils at the base of tongue
Pharyngeal tonsils
Single tonsil on wall of nasopharynx
Lymph nodes
Cleanse the lymph
Act as site of T and B cell activation
Spleen
Erythrocytes graveyard, RBC disposal
Red pulp-filled with erythrocytes
White pulp-filled with lymphocytes and macrophages
NK cell
Attack and destroy bacteria
T-cell
Directly attack and destroy invaders
4 kinds
Tc cell
Carry out attack on foreign cells
Th cell
Promote actions of Tc cells
Tr cells
Inhibit multiplication and cytokines excretion
Seem to help prevent autoimmune disease
Tm cells
Memory cells, responsible for memory of invaders for future reference
B cells
Differentiate into plasma cells in response to infection
Macrophages
Phagocytize dead tissue, bacteria, etc.
Dendritic cells
Mobile APC’s
Reticular cells
Stationary APC’s
First line of defense
Skin and mucous membranes
Lysozyme
Enzyme that destroys bacterial cells walls
Part of mucous membrane defense
Second line of defense
Also called innate immunity, we are born with this line of defense and it is antigen nonspecific
Functions of second line of defense
- Recruiting cells-inflammation and fever
- Activation of complement cascade
- Identify and remove foreign objects via phagocytosis
- Activation of adaptive immunity
Lymphokine
Released a cell to call other cells to points of injury or infectio
Lymphokine
Produced by activated lymphocyte
-2 types: interferon types one and two
Interferon type I
“Kill me” signal secreted by virally infected cell
Interferon type II
Activator of macrophages
Inflammatory response
Complement system
Fever
Vasodilation
Fever
Abnormal elevation in body temperature
Promote interferon activity
Inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses
Pyrogen
Fever inducing substances
Anti-pyretic
Fever reducing medications
Compliments systems
Classical
Alternative
Lectin
Classical pathway
Antibody mediated
Used for previously encountered pathogens
Alternative pathway
Antibody dependent
Only specific antigens can activate this path
Lectin pathway
Antibody dependent
Sets off another cascade of C3 production
Tissue cleanup
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Edema
Edema
Reduces venous drainage but opens lymphatic capillaries
Third line of defense
Adaptive immunity
Specific against particular pathogens
Specific and memorized for future reference
Active immunity
Using ones own antibodies to fight
Passive immunity
Using another persons antibodies to fight
Leukotriene
Activate/attract neutrophils and eosinophils
Histamine
A vasodilator to speed the delivery of leukocyte so to an infected area
Heparin
Anticoagulant
Inhibits blood clots that would impede mobility of leukocytes
Cellular immunity
Uses T cells to attack foreign invaders
Humoral immunity
Uses antibodies to attack invaders
Interferon
A protein secreted by cells that have been virally infected
Inflammation
Local defense to prevent the spread of pathogens
Lectin
Plasma protein that binds to carbs
C protein
Inactive protein that flows in the blood
When activated the compliment cascade begins
Immune clearance
RBC connects to foreign material and takes it to the spleen or liver. RBC detaches and leaves the foreign object to die there
Immune surveillance
NK cells flow in blood on patrol for anything out of the norm
Perforins
Released by Nk cells
Create a hole in targets membrane
Granzymes
Released by Nk cell after perforins
Protein degrading enzyme dropped into hole
Interleukins
Chemical signal from one cell to another
Cytokines
Proteins that serve as chemical communication channel between immune cells
Chemotaxis
A cellular attraction to chemicals that guide them to sites of infection or injury
Antigen
A molecule that triggers an immune response
MHCI
Shows self to other cells of the body
MHCII
Occurs only on APC’s, displays foreign antigen
Antibodies
A protein that reacts with an antigen
Plasma cell
A cell that secretes antibodies
APC’s
Bring foreign material to T cells to present what they have found, be it harmful or not
Natural active immunity
Production of our own antibodies from natural exposure to disease
Artificial active immunity
Our own antibodies as a result of vaccination
Natural passive immunity
Temporary immunity that results from acquiring another persons antibodies
Artificial passive immunity
Temporary immunity that results from a shot of immune serum (tetanus, snakebite, rabies, etc.)
As we breath in, what pressure change occurs?
Pressure in the lungs lowers causing an inflow of air
As we breath out, how does the pressure in our lungs change?
Pressure increases in lungs forcing the air out
Diapraghm
Relaxes as we exhale and moves up
Contracts as we inhale causing it to move down
External intercostals
Lift chest up and out as we inhale
Internal intercostals
Bring chest down and in as we exhale
Atmospheric pressure
Pressure of the air around us
Intrapleural pressure
Pressure between the parietal and visceral pleura
Intrapulmonary pressure
Pressure within the lungs
Low pH causes our breathing to_________
Increase
High pH causes our breathing to _______
Decrease/slow
Central chemoreceptors
Brain stem neurons
Respond to pH change in CSF
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Located in carotid and aortic bodies of arteries above the heart
Respond to O2 and CO2 changes in blood and blood pH
Stretch receptors
Respond to inflation of the lungs
Irritant receptors
Nerve endings in airways that respond to irritants
Surfactants
A mix of phospholipids and proteins that coats the alveoli to prevent them from sticking together
Ventilation perfusion
Physiological responses to match airflow and blood flow
What affects gas exchange in alveoli?
Ventilation-perfusion Pressure gradients of gases Solubility of the gases Membrane thickness Area of membrane
Some consequences of emphysema
- Alveoli expand and sometimes burst, less effective for breathing
- Passages open for airflow in but prevent air from escaping out, air becomes trapped
- Person becomes barrel chested and always short of breath for normal everyday tasks
