Final - Chapter 11 Flashcards
1
Q
The Nervous System is composed of
A
mostly nervous tissue
2
Q
main organs of the nervous system
A
brain, spinal cord, nerves, neuroglial cells
3
Q
function of the nervous system
A
send messages from cell to cell using electrical and chemical means
4
Q
first step of nervous system function
A
sensory neurons receive info and sensations form outside or inside the body
5
Q
second step of nerve function
A
action potentials are sent down sensory axons and through nerves to create an afferent signal
6
Q
afferent signals travel
A
from sensory nerves to brain
7
Q
step three of nerve function
A
afferent signal travels up the spinal cord to the brain
8
Q
step four of nerve function
A
brain processes info and determines correct response
9
Q
step five of nerve function
A
brain sends action potential down axons of motor neurons, creating an efferent signal
10
Q
efferent signals travel
A
from the brain to motor nerve
11
Q
step six of nerve function
A
efferent signals travel down the spinal cord to an effector
12
Q
an effector is
A
a muscle or organ that responds to a nerve signal
13
Q
central nervous system structures
A
brain and spinal cord
14
Q
central nervous system structures are surrounded by
A
bone
15
Q
peripheral nervous system structures
A
nerves and ganglia
16
Q
nerve
A
bundle of axons wrapped in fibrous connective tissue in the PNS
17
Q
tract
A
group of axons in the CNS
17
Q
two types of tracts
A
ascending (to the brain) or descending
18
Q
ganglion
A
swelling of the nerve where neural cell bodies are concentrated
19
Q
ganglia are located
A
mostly near the spinal cord
20
Q
divisions of the PNS are based on
A
function
21
Q
main divisions of the PNs
A
Sensory and motor
22
Q
sensory division of the PNS
A
senses stimuli and brings signals from receptors to the CNS
23
Q
sensory division in afferent/efferent
A
afferent
24
subdivisions of the Sensory Division of the PNS
somatic and visceral
25
Somatic Subdivision of the Sensory Division of the PNS
contains superficial organs like skin, muscles, bone, and joints
26
Visceral Subdivision of the Sensory Division of the PNS
contains internal visceral like heart, lungs, abdominal organs
27
Motor division of the PNS
brings signals from the CNS to effectors
28
subdivisions of the motor division of the PNS
somatic and visceral
29
Somatic Subdivision of the Motor Division of the PNS
sends signals to skeletal muscles to cause muscle contractions
30
motor division of PNS are afferent/efferent
efferent
31
somatic motor PNS is voluntary/involuntary
voluntary
32
the Visceral Subdivision of the Motor Division of the PNS
sends signals to glands, cardiac muscles, and skeletal muscles
33
the visceral motor division of the PNS is voluntary/involuntary
involuntary
34
the visceral motor division is also called
autonomic nervous system
35
the subdivisions of the visceral subdivision of the motor division of the PNS are
sympathetic and parasympathetic
36
the sympathetic division of the visceral motor PNS
preps the body for action
37
the sympathetic division causes
fight or flight response
38
sympathetic division effects
raises HR and BR, inhibits digestive and urinary
39
the parasympathetic division of the visceral motor divison
calms the body
40
the parasympathetic divison
rest or digest response
41
effects of the parasympathetic divison
slow HR and BR, stimulates digestives and urinary systems
42
nerve functions
transmit electrical signals by sending signals to target cells, receiving signals from the outside world
43
some nerves are surrounded by
myelin sheaths
44
glial cells
supporters of neurons
45
are there neurons or glial cells in the body?
glial cells
46
properties of neurons
excitability, conductivity, secretion
47
excitability
response to stimuli
48
stimulus
environmental changes
49
conductivity
produce electric signals in response to stimuli
50
nerve signals
action potential electric signals are propagated down the neuron
51
secretion
neurotransmitters are released when electrical signals reach the end of a nerve fiber
52
neurotransmitter
chemical that transmits a signal to stimulate or inhibit the next cell
53
types of functional nerves
sensor neurons, interneurons, motor neurons
54
sensory neurons
detect stimuli and sends signals to the CNS
55
interneurons
connect sensory and motor pathways in the CNS
56
interneuron functions
integration of signals to make decisions
57
motor neurons
send signals to effectors
58
types of neuroglia in the CNS
oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes
59
oligodendrocytes
form myelin sheaths through arm-like projections surrounding axons
60
ependymal cells
line internal cavities of the brain and secrete cerebrospinal fluid
61
shape of ependymal cells
ciliated, cuboidal epithelial
62
microglia
derive from monocytes to clean up cell debris and damage in the CNS
63
astrocytes
provide supportive functions
64
perivascular feet of astrocytes
projections that stimulate capillaries to form a blood-brain barrier seal
65
astro-cytosis in astrocytes
form hardened scar tissue where neurons are damaged
66
types of neuroglia in the PNS
Schwann cells, satellite cells
67
Schwann cell
form myelin sheath for PNS axons
68
Schwann cells assist in
regeneration of damaged axons
69
satellite cells
surround neuro-somas in ganglion
70
function of satellite cells
electrically insulate and regulate chemical environment of ganglion
71
myelin
sheath of insulation around a nerve fiber
72
myelin function
allows for more rapid signal transduction
73
myelin is formed by ____ in the CNS
oligodendrocytes
74
myelin is formed by ____ in the PNS
schwann cells
75
myelination formation begins _____ and ends ___
begins in week 14 of fetal development
ends is late adolescence
76
myelin formation is assisted by what dietary additive?
fat
77
schwann cells surround one/many axons
oligodendrocytes surround one/many axons
schwann cells surround one axon
oligodendrocytes surround many axons
78
schwann cells spiral/project
oligodendrocytes spiral/project
schwann cells spiral
oligodendrocytes project
79
neurolemma
outermost layer of myelin sheath containing nucleus and cytoplasm
80
endoneurium
thin layer of fibrous connective tissue around myelin and axon
81
the PNS has/doesn't have neurolemma and endoneurium and the CNS has/doesn't have neurolemma and endoneurium
the PNS does have neurolemma and endoneurium
the CNS does not have neurolemma and endoneurium
82
nodes of Ranvier
gaps between myelinated segments
83
internodes
myelin-covered segments between nodes
84
unmyelinated fibers exist because
take up too much space, uses too much energy to build/maintain
85
unmyelinated fibers in CNS
naked
86
unmyelinated fibers in PNS
schwann cell holds multiple nerve fibers in surface grooves
87
signal conduction
APs travel down the axon
88
saltatory conduction
APs jump from node to node
89
saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated/unmyelinated fibers
myelinated
90
saltatory conduction process
a) Na+ enters an internode during depolarization and diffuses
b) myelin prevents ions from leaking
c) Na+ causes threshold voltage to be reached at the next internode
d) the next AP is triggered
91
neural integration
ability of neurons to process, store, and recall info to make decisions
92
synapses are required for
neural integration
93
synapse
junction between an axon terminal and the target cell
94
target cell
another neuron or cell type
95
presynaptic neurons
releases neuron transmitters to target cells
96
different neurotransmitters cause
different neural actions
97
excitatory synapse
cause AP in post-synaptic neuron via excitatory post-synaptic potentials
98
inhibitory synapse
prevents AP in post-synaptic neuron via inhibitory post-synaptic potentials
99
neural integration is based on
adding up of post-synaptic potentials
100
post-synaptic potential
local potential caused by interactions at the synapse that create slight changes to membrane voltage in the post-synaptic membrane
101
Excitatory PSP
voltage change depolarized the membrane
102
Excitatory PSP cause what ions to do what
Na+ to enter the membrane
103
Excitatory PSP causes an increase/decrease in membrane voltage
increase
104
Inhibitory PSP
voltage change hyperpolarized membrane
105
Inhibitory PSP causes what ions to do what
K+ to exit and Cl- to enter the membrane
106
Inhibitory PSP causes an increase/decrease in membrane voltage
decrease
107
summation
process of adding up post-synaptic potentials and responding to the net effect
108
each post-synaptic neuron receives how many Post-Synaptic Potentials per second
10-1000
109
net-excitatory summation causes
an AP to fire
110
net-inhibitory summation causes
no AP
111
summation occurs in
the trigger zone
112
temporal summation
single synapse producing PSPs very quickly
113
in temporal summation, PSPs come
from the same place with the next coming before the last ends
114
spatial summation
multiple synapses produce PSPs simultaneously
115
in spatial summation, PSPs come from
different spaces and add up all at once
116
acetylcholine
excitatory neurotransmitter made of acetate and choline
117
amino acids
inhibitory neurotransmitter
118
amino acid example
GABA
119
Monoamines
amino acids without a carboxyl group
120
monoamines example
catecholamines: epinephrine and adrenaline
121
purines
a nucleic acid
122
example of a purine
ATP
123
gases
neurotransmitters produced as needed to diffuse into the post-synaptic neuron
124
gases examples
nitric acid and carbon monoxide
125
neuropeptides
chain of amino acids
126
neuropeptide example
endorphin
127
gyri
elevated folds of the brain
128
sulci
grooves of the brain
129
hemispheres
right and left halves of the brain
130
longitudinal fissure
deep groove at the midline that separates the hemispheres
131
corpus callosum
connects the brain hemispheres
132
brain lobes
regions of the cerebrum
133
what are the brain lobes
parietal, frontal, temporal, occipital
134
gray matter is made out of
neurosomas
135
gray matter makes up
cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, basal nuclei
136
cerebral cortex
outer layer of the cerebrum
137
cerebellar cortex
outer layer of the cerebellum
138
basal nuclei
collection of cell bodies in the CNS within the interior of the cerebrum
139
white matter is made of
axons
140
white matter makes up
most of the brain
141
tracts
bundles of axons in white matter
142
association tracts connect
regions within the same hemisphere
143
short association tracts
connect gyri in a single lobe
144
long association tracts
connect different lobes
145
projection tracts
connect higher and lower centers of grey matter
146
commissural tracts
connect hemispheres through the corpus callosum and commissures
147
cerebrum
CEO of the brain
148
Cerebrum functions
where most neural integration occurs
149
neural integration
receives sensory data, decides, and sends motor signals
150
primary somatosensory cortex function
receives general sensory info, is the first sensory awareness
151
primary somatosensory cortex location
postcentral gyrus
152
primary motor cortex function
sends motor signals to skeletal muscles
153
primary motor cortex location
precentral cortex
154
cerebellum location
posterior and inferior to the cerebrum
155
cerebellum functions
coordinates muscles movement, timekeeping, tactile/spatial perception
156
brainstem function
regulation of involuntary processes
157
brainstem parts
diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
158
diencephalon
developmental region of the brain
159
diencephalon location
part of the forebrain
160
thalamus
processing center that filters signals sent to the cerebral cortex
161
hypothalamus
produces hormones to regulate the pituitary gland
162
hypothalamus location
inferior to the thalamus
163
pituitary gland
pea-sized gland that masters the endocrine system
164
endocrine system
system that produces hormones
