Exam 1 - Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
macromolecules
A
large compounds containing carbon and any functional group
2
Q
other names for macromolecules
A
biomolecule, organic compound
3
Q
what is the foundation of organic compounds?
A
carbon
4
Q
characteristics of carbon that make it good for macromolecules?
A
common, has four valence electrons, forms covalent bonds, binds readily with other carbon atoms
5
Q
functional groups
A
small group of atoms that gives properties to macromolecules
6
Q
two examples of functional groups
A
carboxyl groups and amino groups
7
Q
what do carboxyl groups do to compounds?
A
make them weak acids
8
Q
what do amino groups do to compounds?
A
make them weak bases
9
Q
classes of organic compounds
A
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, protiens
10
Q
monomers
A
building blocks of macromolecules
11
Q
examples of monomers
A
glucose, galactose, fructose
12
Q
dimer
A
two bound monomers
13
Q
example of a dimer
A
lactose
14
Q
oligomer
A
small group of monomers bound together
15
Q
polymer
A
large group of monomers
16
Q
example of polymer
A
glycogen
17
Q
dehydration synthesis
A
chemical reaction that bonds monomers
18
Q
does dehydration synthesis build up or break down macromolecules?
A
build up
19
Q
how does dehydration synthesis occur?
A
one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms are released from the monomers, bonding them and releasing water
20
Q
hydrolysis
A
chemical reaction that unbinds a polymer
21
Q
does hydrolysis build up or break down macromolecules?
A
break down
22
Q
how does hydrolysis occur?
A
water is added to a polymer, breaking them into dimers
23
Q
sugar is another name for
A
carbohydrates
24
Q
structure of carbohydrates
A
carbon backbone with 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
25
the monomer of a carbohydrate is a
monosaccharide
26
dimer of a carbohydrate
disaccharide
27
oligomer of a carbohydrate
oligosaccharide
28
polymer of a carbohydrate
polysaccharide
29
Function of carbohydrates
energy source
30
two ways carbs provide energy
near immediate and short term energy use
31
near immediate carb energy comes from what macros?
monosaccharides
32
short term carb energy comes from what macros?
polysaccharides
33
Lipids are also known as
fats
34
lipid structure
many carbons and hydrogens and few oxygens
35
fatty acids
long term lipid energy storage
36
phospholipids form
the cell membrane
37
steroids are
hormones
38
hormones are
signaling molecules
39
three classes of lipids
phospholipids, steroids, and fatty acids
40
nucleic acids are composed of
nucleotides
41
DNA and RNA are the two most common
nucleic acids
42
functions of nucleic acids
store genetic info and provide immediate energy use
43
nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids
44
nucleotides are made up of
nitrogenous bases, five-carbon sugar, and phosphate group
45
nitrogenous bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil
46
mnemonic device for nitrogenous bases
GUAC-T
47
two types of five carbon sugar
ribose or deoxyribose
48
what differentiates ribose and deoxyribose
deoxyribose has one less oxygen than ribose
49
what is the role of phosphate groups in a nucleotide
to provide energy
50
ATP stands for
Adenosine Triphosphate
51
what is ATP
a nucleotide
52
what is ATP's function
to give immediate energy to cells
53
how does ATP fulfill its role
by breaking the bond between the three phosphate groups, providing energy for chemical reactions
54
Protein structure
macromolecules composed of amino acids
55
function of protein (some of many)
cell structure, cell signaling, movement, protection
56
amino acid
monomer of protein
57
amino acids are made of
amino group, carboxyl group, central cardon, function group
58
letter that symbolizes a functional group
R
59
function group role
determine amino acid name and properties
60
polypeptide
polymer of protein
61
how common are di/oligo-peptides?
uncommon
62
how are amino acids formed?
peptide bonds
63
how do peptide bonds occur?
dehydration synthesis
64
what molecules bond in peptide bonds
carbon and nitrogen
65
primary structure of protein
sequence of amino acids
66
tertiary structure of protein
3D shape of a protein that determines function
67
what drives protein folding structure?
R group interactions
68
quaternary structure of protein
combination of multiple polypeptide chains
69
example of quaternary structure
hemoglobin
70
how are protein structures like folding laundry
primary - clothes in a heap
tertiary - clothes folded up
quaternary - clothes put away
71
conformational change
change in the function of protein because of molecular binding or unbinding
72
at what level of structure does conformational changes occur
tertiary
73
what must occur for some proteins to function correctly
conformational change
74
is conformational change permanent or temporary?
temporary
75
denaturation
unfolding of a protein causing it to lose its structure
76
how can denaturation occur?
heat or acid
77
example of beneficial denaturation
digestion
78
is denaturation permanent or temporary?
permanent
79
enzymes
proteins that catalyze chemical reactions
80
what does catalyzation mean?
increasing the speed of a reaction
81
do enzymes lower or raise the activation energy?
lower
82
activation energy
initial energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur
83
structure of enzymes
3D shape with an active site that binds to specific substrates
84
substrate
molecule involved in a reaction
85
substrate role in lock and key metaphor
key
86
how many substrates can an active site bind to?
just one
87
active site in lock and key metaphor
lock
88
result of enzyme reaction
formation of products that no longer fit in the active site
89
can enzymes be reused?
yes
90
cell shape helps determine
function
91
cell size is small to maintain
a high surface area to volume ratio
92
having a high surface to volume ration helps with
exchange of material with the outside world
93
what composes the plasma membrane
phospholipids, cholesterol, and membrane proteins
94
phospholipids are amphipathic, meaning
they have hydrophobic and hydrophilic components
95
the hydrophilic head is made of
glycerol and phosphate
96
is the hydrophilic head polar or nonpolar
polar
97
hydrophobic tail is made of
two fatty acids, one saturated and one unsaturated
98
how are phospholipids arranged in the membrane
in a bilayer
99
is the hydrophobic tail polar or nonpolar
nonpolar
100
which ways do the heads and tails of phospholipids face?
heads face out, tails face in
101
glycolipids
phospholipids with a carbohydrate attachment facing the extracellular fluid
102
cholesterol
lipid interspersed among phospholipids in the membrane
103
what about the cell membrane does cholesterol affect
membrane fluidity
104
the fluid mosaic model
the cell membrane is not stiff, but constantly changing and moving
105
what happens when cholesterol is low in the cell membrane
fluidity decreases
106
glycoprotein
protein with a carbohydrate attachment embedded in the cell membrane
107
glycocalyx
the protection and identification of a cell by the carbohydrates connected to glycolipids and glycoproteins in the membrane
108
receptors
proteins in the cell membrane with a receptor site that binds to ligands, allowing cellular communication
109
ligand
chemical for cellular signaling
110
are receptors general or specific?
specific
111
second messenger system
ligand binds to a receptor protein leading to the release of other messenger molecules inside the cell
112
example of a second messenger
CAMP
113
channel proteins
proteins with a passage allowing molecules in or out of the cell
114
leak channels are
always open
115
gated channels are
opened and closed
116
ligand-gated channel protein
open/closes when bonded by a ligand
117
voltage-gated channel protein
open/closes when membrane potential charge changes
118
mechanical channel protein
open/closes due to physical forces, such as touch
119
carrier proteins
transport proteins that carry molecules across the membrane without using ATP
120
how do carrier proteins work?
molecule binds to site inside the carrier, carrier changes shape, molecule is released on the other side of the membrane
121
pump proteins
require ATP to move molecules against their gradient
122
example of pump proteins
sodium potassium pump
123
how are carrier proteins classed?
based on the number of molecules carried
124
uniporters
move one type of molecule
125
co-transporter
move two types of molecules
126
symporter co-transporter
molecules move in the same direction
127
antiporter co-transporter
molecules move in the opposite direction
128
types of co-transporter
symporter, anitporter
129
membrane transporter
allows the movement of molecules that must be exchanged
130
selective permeability
plasma membrane is permeable to some substances and impermeable to others
131
example of substance that is permeable to membrane
nutrients and waste
132
example of substance that is not permeable to membrane
proteins and charged ions
133
why are cell membranes selectively permeable
to maintain cell homeostasis
134
passive transport
does not require energy to transport
135
how does passive transport occur
through diffusion down the gradient
136
simple diffusion
movement of molecules directly through the phospholipids of the cell membrane
137
examples of substances that are transported through simple diffusion
lipids and gasses
138
three types of passive transport
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
139
facilitated diffusion
movement of molecules down the gradient using carrier or channel proteins
140
carrier proteins
specific solutes bind and are transferred across the membrane
141
channel proteins
acct like a pore to let a certain type of molecule across the membrane
142
osmosis
diffusion of water from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration
143
how does water diffuse across the cell membrane
aquaporin channel proteins
144
tonicity
ability of a solution to affect the water volume of a cell
145
hypotonic solution
lower solute concentration outside the cell than inside the cell
146
hypotonic solution causes water to
enter the cell
147
hypertonic solution
greater solute concentration outside the cell than inside
148
hypertonic solution cause water to
exit the cell
149
isotonic solution
equal concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell
150
isotonic solution causes water to
remain at net equilibrium
151
active transport
transport requires ATP energy and carrier proteins
152
active transport moves substances
up the gradient
153
primary active transport
movement uses ATP directly
154
example of primary active transport
sodium potassium pump
155
secondary active transport
movement uses ATP indirectly using a cotransporter
156
how does a secondary active transporter work
one molecule is moved down its gradient after being moving up using a primary transporter with ATP, powering the movement of another molecule up its gradient
157
secondary active transport example
sodium glucose linked transporter (SGCT)
158
a sodium glucose linked transporter is powered by
a sodium potassium pump
