Exam 2 - Chapter 4 Flashcards

(102 cards)

1
Q

Integument

A

the outer layer

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2
Q

functions of the integumentary system

A

physical protection, thermoregulation, lipid storage, excretion, sensation, immune response, vitamin D regulation, non-verbal communication

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3
Q

the skin is made of ___ layers, the

A

two layers, the epidermis and dermis

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3
Q

the integumentary system is made up of ___ layers, the

A

three layers, the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

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3
Q

How does the integumentary system help with vitamin d regulation?

A

exposure to UV rays helps form vitamin D

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4
Q

epidermis

A

top layer of skin composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium tissue

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5
Q

what does it mean for the epidermis to be keratinized

A

most cells are packed with the protein keratin

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6
Q

what does the protein keratin do in the epidermis?

A

provides rigidity and toughness

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7
Q

layers of the epidermis

A

stratum basal, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidium, stratum corneum

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8
Q

mnemonic to remember the order of the epidermis layers (outer to inner)

A

Come Let’s Get Sun Burnt

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9
Q

Thin skin is found

A

in most places on the body

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10
Q

thin skin does or does not have the stratum lucidium layer?

A

does not

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11
Q

the thickest layer of thin skin is

A

stratum spinosum

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12
Q

thick skin is found

A

on the palms of hands and soles of feet

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13
Q

is the stratum lucidium present in thick skin?

A

yes

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13
Q

which layer is thickest in thick skin?

A

stratum corneum

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14
Q

stem cells in the epidermis

A

divide to give rise to keratinocytes

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15
Q

stem cells are found in what layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum basale

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16
Q

tactile cells

A

touch receptors

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17
Q

tactile cells in the epidermis is associated with

A

nerve fibers from the dermis

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18
Q

tactile cells are found in what layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum basale

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19
Q

dendritic cell

A

immune cells

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20
Q

dendritic cells function

A

alert the body of infection in the integumentary system

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21
Q

dendritic cells are found in what layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum

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22
is the epidermis innervated?
no
23
is the epidermis vascular or avascular
avascular
24
melanocyte
synthesizes melanin
25
melanin
protein pigment that protects the skin from UV rays and produces skin, eye, and hair color
26
melanocytes are found in what layer of the epidermis?
stratum basale
27
keratinocyte
synthesizes keratin
28
what type of cell makes up the bulk of the epidermis?
keratinocytes
29
keratinocytes are found in what layer of the epidermis
all!
30
how are keratinocytes composed in the epidermis?
old cells are slowly pushed up into the next layer by newer cells produced by stem cells in the stratum basale
31
are older or younger keratinocytes more superficial?
oldest
32
average life span of a keratinocyte
30-40 days
33
stratum basale
single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells that is the most deep strata of the epidermis
34
the stratum basale is attached to the
basal lamina
35
basal lamina
layer of proteins superficial to the dermis
36
formation of keratinocytes in the stratum basale
differentiate from stem cells and form a single layer
37
stratum spinosum
the thickest layer in thin skin that looks spiny due to desmosome and tight junctions between cells
38
where are melanocyte processes found
in the stratum spinosum layer
39
melanocyte processes
arm extensions of melanocytes that extend into the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis
40
melanosomes
vesicles of melanin made by melanocytes
41
stratum granulosum
1-5 layers of flat keratinocytes
42
keratin is mostly produced in which layer
stratum granulosum
43
keratohyalin granules
produce proteins that bind keratin filaments together
44
membrane-coating vesicles
waterproof cells by releasing lipids onto keratinocyte cell surface, creating another layer
45
membrane coating vesicles make keratinocytes
non-permeable, not allowing nutrients in
46
what is the last layer where keratinocytes are alive?
stratum granulosum
47
keratinocytes begin to die after the stratum granulosum because
cut off from nutrients and farther from blood supply
48
stratum lucidum
2-3 layers of dead keratinocytes
49
the stratum lucidum looks
clear and thin
50
keratinocytes in stratum lucidum are
dead, have no nuclei/organelles, but are still bound by desmosomes
51
stratum corneum
most superficial layer, highly keratinized dry barrier
52
stratum corneum makes up how many layers
up to 30 layers
53
exfoliate
many adhered keratinocyte cells flake off together
54
dander
large sheets of exfoliated keratinocytes
55
dermis
second layer of the skin
56
two layers of the dermis
papillary layer and reticular layer
57
papillary layer
superficial layer of the dermis
58
papillary layer is made of
areolar connective tissue
59
papillary layer contains ___ and __, unlike the epidermis
capillaries and nerves
60
reticular layer
deep layer of the dermis
61
reticular layer is made of
dense irregular connective tissue
62
reticular layer also includes
collagen bundles and ground substance
63
reticular layer contains some
fibroblasts and adipocyte clusters
64
dermal papilla
upward projection of the dermis
65
epidermal ridge
downward projection of epidermis
66
skin furrow
indentations made by deep epidermal ridges
67
fingerprints
raised areas formed by dermal papillae
68
flexure lines
where the skin folds for joint movements
69
flexure lines are formed by
thinner dermis and less dense collagen
70
flexure lines are most visible
palms and fingers
71
blisters are caused
when forces parallel with skin damage blood vessels in the dermis and pull the epidermis away from the dermis
72
blisters fill when
blood plasma leaks from damaged vessels
73
hypodermis
subcutaneous tissue
74
hypodermis is composed of
adipose tissue, but some areolar
75
hypodermis functions
bind skin to underlying tissue, energy reservoir, insulin
76
the hypodermis is highly
vascular
77
skin color is a combination of which pigments
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
78
melanosomes
vesicles where melanin is stored
79
melanosomes accumulate on the ___ side of ____ nuclei
superficial, keratinocyte
80
melanosome function
shield DNA from UV
81
everyone has different numbers of keratinocytes (T/F)
false
82
two types of melanin
pheomelanin and eumelanin
83
pheomelanin
reddish-yellow color
84
eumelanin
brown-black color
85
higher melanosome production =
darker skin color
86
melanosome longevity determines
skin color
87
freckles and moles
localized areas of melanin accumulation
88
freckles are
flat
89
moles are
raised with a hair follicle
90
there are two types of birthmarks
pigmented and vascular
91
pigmented birthmarks
caused by large patches of melanin accumulation
92
vascular birthmarks
caused by hemoglobin
93
carotene
yellow and orange pigment
94
carotene is obtained from
foods, not the body
95
accumulation of carotene occurs in the
stratum corneum and hypodermis fat
96
carotene accumulation is most obvious in the
palms and soles
97
hemoglobin
red pigment of blood
98
hemoglobin gives melanin-poor skin a ___ hue
reddish/pink
99
hemoglobin function
lips red, red inflammation, increased blood flow, hematoma