Exam 3 - Chapter 5 Flashcards
1
Q
structures that make up the skeletal system
A
bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons
2
Q
cartilage is the progenitor of
A
bone
3
Q
cartilage covers
A
the articulates surfaces of joints
4
Q
what cartilage is not included in the skeletal system
A
cartilage of the ear and respiratory system
5
Q
ligaments bind
A
bone to bone
6
Q
ligaments are made of
A
dense regular tissue
7
Q
tendons bind
A
muscle to bone
8
Q
tendon is made of
A
dense regular tissue
9
Q
tendons can be considered part of which two body systems
A
skeletal and muscular
10
Q
functions of the skeletal system
A
support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation
11
Q
support of the skeletal system
A
provides structure and shape to the body
12
Q
movement of the skeletal system
A
muscles exert forces on bones
13
Q
protection
A
protect sensitive organs like the thoracic cavity and brain`
14
Q
electrolytes
A
ions or molecules that break into ions when dissolved in bodily fluids
15
Q
bone regulates what electrolytes
A
calcium and phosphate
16
Q
bone reabsorption does what to calcium and phosphate levels in the blood stream
A
releases calcium and phosphate into the blood stream
17
Q
bone reabsorption raises/lowers body pH level
A
raises
18
Q
bone buildup does what to calcium and phosphate levels in the blood stream
A
takes calcium and phosphate from the blood stream
19
Q
bone buildup raises/lowers body pH level
A
lowers
20
Q
phosphate and calcium are acidic or alkaline
A
alkaline
21
Q
acid-base balance of skeletal system
A
pH levels of body are maintained through the release/absorption of calcium and phosphate in bone
22
Q
ideal pH of the body
A
7.4, slightly acidic
23
Q
Where is blood formed?
A
the red bone marrow of bones
24
Q
what types of cells are produced in red bone marrow?
A
red and white blood cells
25
bone tissue is also called
osseous tissue
26
bone tissue is what type of tissue
connective tissue
27
the ECM of osseous tissue is made of
collagen and hydroxyapatite
28
what is hydroxyapatite?
a calcium and phosphate compound
29
each bone is its own
organ
30
bone is made of
osseous tissue, marrow, cartilage, nerves, and fibrous connective tissue
31
long bone shape
longer than wide
32
example of long bone
limbs: tibia femur
33
function of long bones
attachment points for large movements
34
flat bone shape
thin
35
flat bone examples
skull bones, sternum
36
short bone shape
length is roughly equal to width
37
example of short bones
tarsal and carpals
38
function of short bone
gliding movements
39
irregular bone shape
weird and unique
40
example of irregular bones
vertebrae, some skull bones
41
two types of bone tissue layers
compact and spongy bone
42
compact bone is also called
cortical
43
compact bone is what layer of long bones
outer layer
44
compact bone
dense, had, makes up a large portion of bone weight
45
spongy bone is also called
cancellous
46
spongy bone is what layer of long bones
inner layer
47
spongy bone
has spaces with marrow, blood, etc
48
spongy bone provides
flexibility and shock absorption
49
spicule
spikes of spongy bone connect to other bone tissue on one side
50
trabeculae
beams or columns of bone tissue connected on either side to other bone
51
connective tissue layers of long bones
periosteum and endosteum
52
periosteum
external sheath of tissue around a bone
53
periosteum is made of
fibrous connective tissue
54
there are two layers of the periosteum, the outer is ___ and the inner is _____
collagen, osteogenic cells
55
endosteum
lines the marrow cavity of long bones and spongy bone
56
endosteum is made of
reticular connective tissue
57
endosteum contains
cells that break down and deposit osseous tissue
58
marrow
found in the medullary cavity of long bones and spaces of spongy bone
59
red marrow is
hemopoietic, producing blood cells
60
red marrow is found
in all bones of children and flat bones of adults
61
yellow marrow consists mostly of
adipose tissue
62
yellow marrow is found in
most bones of adults
63
yellow marrow can become ____ in emergencies
red marrow
64
diaphysis
long shaft of the long bone
65
what part of a long bone can grow
diaphysis
66
the diaphysis contains the
medullary cavity
67
epiphysis
proximal and distal ends of long bone
68
epiphyses are where what anchor
ligaments and tendons
69
epiphysis are filled with
spongy bone
70
articular cartilage
covers joint surface to allow smooth movement
71
articular cartilage is made of
hyaline cartilage
72
major structures of long bones
diaphysis, epiphysis, articular cartilage
73
flat bones are composed of what type of tissues
same as long bones, compact and spongy bones
74
do flat bones have an epiphysis or diaphysis
no
75
why do flat bones not have articular cartilage
not enough movement
76
where is marrow found in flat bones instead of a medullary cavity
empty spaces of diploe
77
tissue layer of flat bones is like
a sandwich
78
tissue layers of flat bones
two layers of compact bone enclose a middle layer of spongy bone
79
diploe
middle layer of spongy bone in flat bones
80
osteogenic cells
bone stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
81
osteogenic cells are found in
the osteogenic layer of the periosteum and the endosteum
82
osteoblasts
synthesize organic components of bone ECM
83
osteoblasts are found
deep to the periosteum and endosteum
84
osteoblasts secrete
osteocalcin
85
osteocalcin
an exercise induced hormone promoting energy availability
86
osteoblasts eventually differentiate into
osteocytes
87
osteocyte
maintain bone ECM
88
how do osteocytes maintain bone ECM
reabsorbing and depositing matrix
89
how do osteocytes form
osteoblasts are trapped in the ECM they have deposited
90
osteocytes regulate bone remodeling through detecting
strain on bone
91
osteoclast
bone dissolving cells
92
osteoclasts derive from ___ and can become ___
marrow stem cells, blood cells
93
osteoclasts can fuse together and become mutli-nuclied, true or false?
true
94
osteoclast location
deep to periosteum and endosteum, reabsorption bays
95
reabsorption bays
pits in compact bone surface along a ruffled border that face osteogenic tissue
96
organic components of bone matrix
mostly collagen, some proteoglycans and glycoproteins
97
collagen is made by
osteoblasts
98
function of the organic components of bone
flexibility and prevent brittleness
99
inorganic component of bone
mostly hydroxyapatite, some calcium carbonate
100
function of the inorganic component of bone
strength and support body weight
101
structural unit of bone
osteon
102
osteon is also called
haversian system
103
central canal
center of an osteon containing blood vessels and nerves
104
concentric lamellae
organized bone matrix that forms circles around the central canal
105
lacunae
small chamber containing an osteocyte
106
way to remember lacunae
"lake" of osteocytes
107
canaliculi
tiny canals that link osteocytes to each other and the central canal
108
canaliculi are needed for
communication and nutrient transfer
109
what makes up an osteon?
central canal, concentric lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi
110
circumferential lamellae
outer region of bone matrix
111
interstitial lamellae
bone matrix between osteons
112
perforating canals
horizontal passages bringing blood vessels and nerves in and out of bone
113
spongy bone
a weblike network of bone covered in endosteum
114
does spongy bone have a periosteum?
no
115
spicules
spikes/slivers of spongy bone
116
trabeculae
columns/plates connected to bone on both ends
117
spicules and trabeculae are both made of
lamellae
118
lamellae
plates of bone ECM
119
marrow spaces
location of marrow outside of chambers in between spicules and trabeculae
120
osteocytes in spongy bone lacunae are connected by
canaliculi
121
spongy bone has few ____ and no ___ ___
osteons, central canals
122
deposition
mineralization
123
deposition process
osteoblasts produce collagen and hydroxyapatite crystals form on collagen
124
the first crystals of deposition act as
seed crystals, making subsequent crystallization easier
125
what does it mean for a solubility product to be reached in deposition?
a certain level of calcium and phosphate must be concentrated for crystal formation
126
resorption
demineralization
127
resorption process
osteoclasts ruffled border dissolve bone and release minerals into the blood stream
128
what two molecules are release in resorption
HCl and Protease
129
HCl secretion allows
pH to be lowered for mineral dissolvement
130
Protease secretion allows
collagen breakdown
131
bone remodeling
use of deposition and resorption to repair and reshape bone
132
bones are repaired to fix
microfractures
133
microfractures
small breaks in the matrix
134
bones are reshaped in response to
stress
135
wolf's law
bone architecture is determined by the mechanical stress placed on it
136
bony processes grow larger when
pulled on
137
spongy bone trabeculae form along
stress line
138
___% of the skeleton is replaced each year
10%
139
it is important to maintain phosphate levels because
phosphate is used in nucleic acids and phospholipids
140
it is important to maintain calcium levels because
calcium is used in muscle contraction, neurons, blood clotting, and exocytosis
141
calcium is in reservoir where in the body?
bone
142
two places where calcium is found in bones
in hydroxyapitie and exchangeable free ions
143
exchangeable calcium ions
easy ions to transfer between blood and bone, free floating
144
normal blood calcium level
9.2-10.4 mg/dL
145
hypocalcemia
low blood calcium
146
hypocalcemia affects
membrane potential: cells become less negative and neurons and muscles are overly excitable
147
hypocalcemia can lead to
tetany
148
hypercalcemia
high blood calcium
149
hypercalcemia affects
cell ion channels are less responsive, causing muscles and nerves to be less responsive
150
is hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia more rare?
hypercalcemia
151
calcitriol lowers/raises blood calcium levels
raises
152
calcitriol is the active form of
vitamin d
153
vitamin d is converted to calcitriol in
the kidney and liver
154
calcitriol is synthesized by
vitamin d from the sun
155
calcitriol actions
increase in calcium absorption in the small intestine, bone resorption, and calcium from urine
156
calcitriol promotes ____, but is needed for ___
bone resorption, bone deposition
157
calcitonin lowers/raises blood calcium levels
lowers
158
way to remember that calcitonin lowers blood calcium
calcitonin "tones down" blood calcium levels
159
calcitonin is secreted by
the thyroid
160
calcitonin actions
inhibit osteoclasts, stimulates osteoblasts
161
calcitonin is stronger in kids or adults
kids
162
parathyroid hormone lowers/raises blood calcium
raises blood calcium
163
parathyroid hormone is secreted by the
parathyroid
164
the parathyroid hormone has roughly the opposite effect of
calcitonin
165
parathyroid hormone actions
inhibits bone deposition, promotes resorption of calcium from urine and calcitriol synthesis, increases osteoblast production
166
Osteoblast production through the parathyroid hormone
osteoblasts are stimulated to produce RANKL, which bind to RANK receptor proteins on marrow stem cells, which make osteoclasts and raise the blood calcium level
167
Ossification is also called
oseogenesis
168
ossification/oseogenesis
formation of new bone
169
intramembranous ossification produces
flat bone
170
intramembranous ossification process
bone differentiates from osteoid tissue, which differentiates from embryonic mesenchyme
171
osteoid tissue
only the organic part of osseous tissue
172
mesenchyme
embryonic gem tissue that is one of the three tissues that all tissues differentiate from
173
mesenchyme is also called
mesoderm
174
endochondral ossification produces
long bone
175
step one of endochondral ossification
mesenchyme/mesoderm forms hyaline cartilage model
176
the hyaline cartilage model formed by the mesenchyme includes
perichondrium, a connective tissue layer similar to the periosteum
177
step two of endochondral ossification
primary ossification center form
178
ossification center
area within the cartilage center where bone tissue formation occurs
179
what is in the ossification center
chondrocytes that grow large and begin apoptosis
180
what happens to the perichondrium as the primary ossification center forms
perichondrium becomes periosteum and secretes a boney collar
181
step three of endochondral ossification
primary marrow cavity forms
182
what occurs as the primary marrow cavity forms
vascular invasion occurs, blood vessels enter developing bone at the primary ossification center, delivering nutrients
183
how does the primary marrow cavity form
osteoclasts break down calcified walls between lacunae, forming one large space
184
when does the secondary ossification center form
when the primary marrow cavity forms
185
step four of endochondral ossification
secondary marrow cavity forms
186
where does the secondary marrow cavity form
within the epiphyses
187
when does the metaphysis form
when the secondary marrow cavity forms
188
metaphysis
region between the epiphysis and diaphysis
189
the metaphysis starts as
a zone of cartilage
190
step five of endochondral ossification
epiphyseal growth plate continues bone elongation
191
epiphyseal growth plate
takes up much of the metaphysis and contains hyaline cartilage in the middle and transitional zones above and below
192
interstitial growth
long bone elongation occurs at plate
193
step six of endochondral ossification
epiphyseal growth plate closes
194
what happens to cartilage when the epiphyseal growth plate closes
cartilage in the epiphyseal plate fully ossifies
195
epiphyseal line
boney remnant of plate
196
what stops after the epiphyseal plate closes
no more cartilage or elongation
197
interstitial growth
bone elongation along zones of the growth plate
198
zones of the epiphysis from inner to outer
reserve cartilage, proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification, bone deposition
199
zone of reserve cartilage
hyaline cartilage near center of the growth plate that is not actively becoming bone
200
zone of proliferation
chondrocytes go through mitosis and new cells push old cells to the more outer zones
201
how are chondrocytes arranged in the zone of proliferation
line up in columns of lacunae
202
zone of hypertrophy
chondrocytes enlarge and make lacunae larger
203
zone of calcification
mineralization of walls between lacunae
204
zone of bone deposition
chondrocytes die
205
what happens to osteoblasts in the zone of bone deposition
osteoblasts line up to produce concentric lamellae
206
appositional growth
bone widening/thickening
207
what do osteoblasts in appositional growth create?
circumferential lamallae
208
what do osteoclasts in appositional growth do?
make the marrow cavity wider
209
endochondral growth is continuous/temporary while appositional growth is continuous/temporary
temporary, continuous
