Exam 2 - Chapter 3 Flashcards
1
Q
histology
A
study of tissues
2
Q
tissue
A
aggregation of similar cells, their products, and surrounding materials
3
Q
extracellular matrix is made up of
A
extracellular fluid and proteins
4
Q
extracellular fluid is made mostly of
A
water
5
Q
types of proteins found in the extracellular matrix
A
glycoproteins, fibrous, proteoglycans
6
Q
tissue components
A
cells and extracellular matrix
7
Q
glycoproteins
A
attached to the membrane
8
Q
fibrous
A
long and thin
9
Q
example of a fibrous protein
A
collagen
10
Q
proteoglycans
A
large carbs with protein-carb attachments
11
Q
functions of proteins in the ECM
A
protection, holding cells together, facilitate cell communication
12
Q
types of tissues
A
epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular
13
Q
cells in epithelial tissues are often joined by
A
junctions
14
Q
cellular junction functions
A
bind cells together, allow cell to cell communication
15
Q
cellular junctions can be in two locations:
A
lateral or basal
16
Q
tight junction
A
tightly joined epithelial cells near the apical surface
17
Q
apical
A
where the action occurs
18
Q
tight junctions do/do not allow fluids and bacteria between cells
A
do not
19
Q
are tight junctions strong or weak?
A
weak
20
Q
What do tight junctions often form?
A
a tube
21
Q
example of tight junction
A
esophagus
22
Q
desmosome
A
holds cells together using a bridge of proteins
23
Q
desmosome strength
A
strong and resistant to mechanical stress
24
Q
desmosomes form a ____ between cells
A
chain
25
desmosomes do/do not allow fluid and bacteria between cells
do
26
where are desmosomes found?
bladder
27
hemidesmosome
half desmosomes
28
hemidesmosomes bind where?
basal cells to underlying fibers
29
the underlying fibers beneath basal cells are called the
basement membrane
30
hemidesmosomes prevent
cells from peeling away from the basement membrane
31
where are hemidesmosomes found?
epidermis
32
gap junctions are proteins that
form a large channel between cells
33
a gap junction is also known as a
communication junction
34
what materials can pass through a gap junction from cell to cell?
solutes and water
35
where are gap junctions found?
smooth and cardiac muscle
36
apical
top
37
basal
bottom
38
hyperplasia
growth through increase in cell number
39
example of where hyperplasia occurs
fetus growth
40
hypertrophy
growth in cell size
41
example of where hypertrophy occurs
muscle tissue growth
42
hypertrophy can only occur if
nutrition is completed through eating
43
stem cells
differentiate to give rise to all cell types
44
types of stem cells
totipotent, pluripotent, adult stem cells
45
totipotent and pluripotent stem cells can only be found in
embryos
46
totipotent stem cell
can become all adult cell types and placenta cells
47
pluripotent stem cell
can become all adult cell types but not placenta cells
48
adult stem cells
give rise to one or a small number of cell types
49
multipotent stem cells
adult stem cells that can give rise to a few types of cells
50
example of multipotent cell type
blood
51
unipotent stem cells
adult stem cells that can give rise to only one cell type
52
atrophy
loss of cell size
53
atrophy can be caused by
disuse, aging
54
apoptosis
planned loss of cell number
55
apoptosis is also known as
programmed cell death
56
apoptosis is non-inflammatory, meaning
doesn't cause immune system to react
57
apoptosis functions
organ development and normal maintenance
58
necrosis
death of cells
59
necrosis can be caused by
lack of blood supply or damage
60
necrosis is inflammatory, meaning
causes immune system reaction
61
necrosis is not always
reversible
62
regeneration
replacing dead cells with cells of the same type
63
what does regeneration restore?
organ function
64
fibrosis
replaces dead cells with scar tissue
65
scar tissue
made of mostly fibrous, collagen proteins
66
does fibrosis restore organ function?
not fully
67
is fibrosis or regeneration faster?
fibrosis
68
epithelial tissue
closely adhering cells that have one or more layer and almost no extracellular matrix
69
epithelium analogy
brick wall
70
epithelium location
line organs and form glands and skin
71
epithelium function
protection, secretion, absorption, filtration, sensation
72
epithelial cells are polar, meaning
they are not perfectly symmetrical
73
epithelial cell structure
closely packed with many tight junctions and desmosomes
74
epithelial cells are avascular/vascular, meaning there are/are not blood vessels present
avascular, no blood vessels
75
what does it mean for epithelial cells to innervated
nerves are present throughout
76
is epithelium regenerative or fibrotic?
regenerative
77
epithelial tissue is supported by
connective tissue
78
classification of epithelium is based on
layer and shape
79
epithelial layer classifications
simple, stratified, pseudostratified
80
epithelial shape classifications
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
81
simple squamous
single layer of flat cells
82
simple squamous function
rapid diffusion between areas
83
simple squamous location
lung alveoli
84
simple cuboidal
single layer of square cells
85
simple cuboidal function
form ducts and glands
86
simple cuboidal location
salivary glands
87
simple columnar
single layer of tall cells
88
simple columnar function
absorption
89
simple columnar location
line lumen of organs and digestive tract
90
pseudostratified columnar
single layer of tall cells that look multilayered but all touch the basal surface
91
stratified squamous
many layers of flat cells
92
stratified squamous function
protection
93
stratified squamous location
top layer of skin
94
stratified columnar
many layers of tall cells
95
stratified columnar location
rare, in transitional areas
96
stratified cuboidal
many layers of square cells
97
stratified cuboidal location
rare, in sweat ducts
98
connective tissue
cells occupy less space than the ECM
99
connective tissue function
binding, support, protection, immunity, movement, storage, heat production, transport
100
blast suffix use
create the ECM
101
blast suffix example
fibroblast
102
clast suffix use
break down ECM for remodeling
103
clast suffix example
osteoclast
104
cyte suffix use
maintain ECM
105
cyte suffix example
chondrocyte
106
fibrous connective tissue
ECM contains many fibers and ground substance
107
dense FCT has more/less fibrous proteins compared to loose FCT
more
108
collagen fibers
strongest and most abundant fibrous protein
109
ground substance
gel-like substance of water and proteins
110
ground substance function
absorbs compressive forces
111
areolar
loose arrangement of collage and elastic fibers in ground substance
112
areolar function
the glue that adheres epithelial tissue to other tissues
113
areolar location
everywhere
114
reticular
mostly reticular fibers that are branched and web-like
115
reticular function
forms framework
116
reticular location
internal organs
117
adipose
fat
118
adipose cells are called
adipocytes
119
adipose cell function
store energy, insulation, protection, heat, generation
120
dense regular
parallel collagen fibers dominate
121
dense regular function
form tendons and ligaments
122
dense irregular
randomly distributed collagen fibers
123
dense irregular function
form dermis of skin for flexibility and strength
124
cartilage
stiff connective tissue with dense, flexible, glassy matrix
125
cartilage is vascular/avascular
avascular
126
cartilage cells are found in
lacunae
127
chondroblast
cartilage cell that produces ECM
128
chondrocyte
maintain matrix
129
types of cartilage
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
130
hyaline
line skeletal joints and respiratory tract
131
fibrocartilage
lots of parallel collagen fibers
132
notable place where fibrocartilage is found
intervertebral discs
133
elastic
lots of elastic fibers
134
notable characteristic of elastic
can stretch and then recoil to original shape
135
notable place where elastic is found
external ear
