final blueprint

Question 1

what is the chief intracellular cation?

Answer 1

potassium

Question 2

what is the chief extracellular cation?

Answer 2

sodium

Question 3

what are signs and symptoms of fluid overload?

Answer 3

BP, edema, pulmonary edema, hypotension, weight gain

Question 4

what is the normal pH range for ABGs?

Answer 4

7.35-7.45

Question 5

what is diffusion?

Answer 5

higher to lower concentration

Question 6

what is osmosis?

Answer 6

movement of water from lower concentration to higher concentration

Question 7

what is the most common electrolyte imbalance of renal disease?

Answer 7

potassium/hyperkalemia

Question 8

what is an early indicator of dehydration in older adult?

Answer 8

constipation

Question 9

what 2 systems are the chief monitors of fluid balance?

Answer 9

renal and circulatory.

Question 10

what are some care considerations of a patient with a ureteral catheter?

Answer 10

measure output and record it separately

clean twice a day, keep bag below level of bladder

Question 11

why is a creatinine a better measurement of kidney function?

Answer 11

level of creatinine in blood is an indication of kidneys ability to excrete wastes
not influenced by diet, hydration, liver function or nutritional status.
creatinine is a waste product of skeletal muscle
serum creatinine is only elevated in renal disorders

Question 12

what is the main concern with catheterization?

Answer 12

Infection UTIs, introduction of bacteria into the sterile bladder, primary source of nosocomial infections

Question 13

why is it important that pyelonephritis is treated?

Answer 13

avoid further damage to the renal parenchyma (functional tissue) irreversible damage of kidneys leads to renal failure

Question 14

what are some post-operative assessment findings we can expect in a post renal transplant patient?

Answer 14

make sure producing urine, normal hematuria

Question 15

peritoneal dialysis vs hemodialysis

Answer 15

peritoneal - resembles normal kidney function, less invasive

hemodialysis - more work, 3x week

Question 16

what are age-related changes in the renal system?

Answer 16

normal function is usually reserved. kidneys do not adapt as well to stress, loss of nephrons, thickening of membranes in nephrons, sclerosis of renal blood vessels

Question 17

what interventions will be performed to prevent infection in a patient with a Foley?

Answer 17

clean 2x daily
keep bag below bladder level
keep tubing kink free
coil tubing on bed
standard precautions

Question 18

What is tachypnea? what is normal respiratory rate?

Answer 18

rapid breathing over 20 Breaths per minute

normal - 12-20

Question 19

What are age-related changes in our respiratory system?

Answer 19

muscles get weak, slacking in vocal chords, lose elasticity in lungs, enlarged bronchioles, decrease in # of alveoli

Question 20

what are some things you would want to do post bronchoscopy? what would you not want to do?

Answer 20

no fluid or food by mouth, make sure gag reflex is back, monitor vital signs

Question 21

what position do we place a patient at to promote gas exchange?

Answer 21

semi fowlers, head of bed elevated

Question 22

what are symptoms of hypoxemia?

Answer 22

cyanosis, tachycardia, restlessness, tachypnea

Question 23

what are signs and symptoms of respiratory dysfunction?

Answer 23

clubbing, cyanosis nail beds, distended abdomen

Question 24

what are some things we can do to improve nutrition in a patient with COPD?

Answer 24

high calorie, high fat, oral hygiene, small meals

Question 25

what are the differences between centralobular and panlobular emphysema?

Answer 25

central - smoking affects bronchioles

pan - hereditary affects bronchioles and alveoli

Question 26

what finding could suggest our patient having an asthma attack may soon have respiratory arrest/

Answer 26

confusion, absence of wheezing, drowsiness, bradycardia, retractions above sternum

Question 27

how is CO2 in an ABG significant? what could this indicate?

Answer 27

rising CO2 - respiratory acidosis

Question 28

what are some treatments to help enhance absorption in a patient with cystic fibrosis? how do we know these treatments are working?

Answer 28

pancreatic enzyme replacement, supplementary fat

less smelly bulky stools = its working

Question 29

what are modifiable vs. non modifiable cardiac risk factors?

Answer 29

modifiable - high bp/tobacco use, sedentary lifestyle, obesity/stress
non modifiable - age, heredity, gender, race

Question 30

what are pre-procedure care considerations for a cardio version?

Answer 30

obtain consent, give short acting sedative

Question 31

what are post procedure care considerations for coronary angiogram/cardiac catheterization?

Answer 31

check puncture site for bleeding

Question 32

what is stable vs unstable angina?

Answer 32

stable - increase with exercise, decrease with rest

unstable - does not decrease with rest, can happen while at rest