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BIOL-150 > Final Bio Exam > Flashcards

Final Bio Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Amphipathic

A

Molecules with both polar and nonpolar regions

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2
Q

Emergent Properties of Water

A

1. Cohesion - polar & nonpolar interactions between molecules
2. Moderation of Temperature - high specific heat capacity
3. Insulation by Floating Ice - solid H₂O less dense compared to liquid H₂O
4. Solvent of Life - very common solvent

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3
Q

Suspension

A

Large particles in mixture that settle out

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4
Q

What is a sphere of H₂O atoms around an ion called?

A

Hydration Shell

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5
Q

Emulsion

A

Mixture of 2 or more liquids that don’t usually mix

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6
Q

pH

A

-log[H⁺]

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7
Q

Isomers

A

Chemical compounds w/ the same formula but different structures

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8
Q

Saturated

A

Hydrocarbon with only single C-C bonds (has as many Hs as possible; no double C=C bonds)

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9
Q

Unsaturated

A

Hydrocarbon with at least one double C=C bond (does not have the maximum number of H atoms)

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10
Q

Poly-unsaturated

A

Hydrocarbon with multiple double C=C bonds (at least 2)

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11
Q

What are molecules with a hydroxyl group called?

A

Alcohols

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12
Q

What is a molecule with a carbonyl group on the outside called?

A
  • Aldehyde
  • Molecule names end with “-al”
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13
Q

What is a molecule with a carbonyl group on the inside/middle (between two Cs) called?

A
  • Ketone
  • Molecule names end with “-one”
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14
Q

What is a molecule with a carboxyl group called?

A
  • Organic Acid
  • Weak Acid
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15
Q

What is a molecule with an amino group called?

A

Amine

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16
Q

What is a molecule with an amino group and a carboxyl group called?

A

Amino Acid

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17
Q

What is a molecule with a sulfhydryl group called?

A
  • Thiols
  • Ends with “-thiol”
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18
Q

What is a molecule with a phosphate group called?

A

Organic Phosphate

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19
Q

What are the four macromolecules?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
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20
Q

Sugars are denoted by:

A

“-ose” in the name of a molecule

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21
Q

Sucrose =

A

Glucose + Fructose

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22
Q

Lactose =

A

Galactose + Glucose

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23
Q

Maltose =

A

Glucose + Glucose

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24
Q

Polymers of Glucose

A
  • Starch
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose
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25
Q
A
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26
Q

Properties of Starch

A
  • Moderately branched
  • Used for storage in plants
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27
Q

Properties of Glycogen

A
  • Highly branched
  • Storage polymer for animals
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28
Q

Properties of Cellulose

A
  • Unbranched
  • Found in the cell wall of plants
  • Structural polymer
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29
Q

What are the bonds in polysaccharides?

A

Glycosidic Linkage

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30
Q

What are the bonds in lipids?

A

Ester Linkage

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31
Q

What are the bonds between amino acids / in proteins?

A

Peptide Bonds

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32
Q

What are the bonds in nucleic acids?

A

Phosphodiester Linkage

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33
Q

What are the properties of saturated fats?

A
  • Usually solid
  • Arranged straight
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34
Q

What are the properties of unsaturated fats?

A
  • Usually liquid
  • Arranged w/ kinks
  • Not good for you usually
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35
Q

Cis fats?

A

Hydrogens are on the same side, making a bent shape

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36
Q

Trans fats?

A

Hydrogens are on opposite sides, making a straight shape

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37
Q

Hydrogenation

A

The process of adding hydrogen atoms to a molecule to break the double bond (process to conver unsaturated molecules to saturated ones)

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38
Q

Phospholipid

A
  • Hydrophilic head
  • Hydrophobic tail(s)
  • Used in phospholipid bilayers
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39
Q

Steroid Structure

A

4 Carbon rings (6C, 6C, 6C, 5C)

40
Q

Fat Structure

A
  • 1 glycerol
  • 3 fatty acids
41
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Proteins with 3 or more chains/subunits

42
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

3-D model of proteins

43
Q

Secondary Structures

A

Structures that make up a protein (like alpha-helixes and beta-sheets)

44
Q

Primary Structure

A

The amino acid sequence of a protein

45
Q

What stabilizes tertiary structure? (Interactions)

A
  • Hydrogen bonds between side chains
  • Van der Waals (hydrophobic interactions)
  • Ionic Bonds
  • Disulfide Bridges
46
Q

Prion

A
  • Misfolded Protein
  • Can induce misfolding in normal variants of the same protein, causing cell deaths
47
Q

Monomers of proteins?

A

Amino Acids

48
Q

Monomers of Carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

49
Q

Monomers of Nucleic Acids?

A

Nucleotides

50
Q

What is a nucleotide made of?

A
  1. Phosphate Group
  2. Sugar
  3. Nitrogenous Base
51
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Nitrogenous base w/ just 1 ring (6C)

52
Q

Which bases are pyrimidines?

A
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Uracil (U)
  • Thymine (T)
53
Q

Purine

A

Nitrogenous base w/ 2 rings (6C, 5C)

54
Q

Which bases are purines?

A
  • Adenine (A)
  • Guanine (G)
55
Q

What sugar is used in RNA?

A

Ribose

56
Q

What sugar is used in DNA?

A

Deoxiribose

57
Q

How many base pairs in 1 human DNA?

A

3 billion base pairs

58
Q

3 Domains of Life

A
  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
  • Eukarya
59
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Slime layer or capsule in bacteria and prokaryotes

60
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Where DNA is stored
  • Nuclear Pores (holes in membrane)
  • Nuclear Membrane (double membrane) made of phospholipids and proteins
  • Contains Nucleolus, which produces rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and ribosomes
  • Controls cell activity
61
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Contains Ribosomes
  • Secretes proteins
  • Site of protein synthesis
62
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Produces Lipids
  • Metabolizes Carbohydrates & Steroids
  • Detoxification
  • Produces Vesicles
63
Q

Ribosome

A
  • Large & Small Subunit
  • Produce Proteins
  • Made of rRNA and proteins
64
Q

Vesicle

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer + proteins
  • Transports materials
65
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • Modifies lipids & proteins
  • Sends them to destinations in vesicles
66
Q

Mitochondrion

A
  • Produces ATP
  • Site of cellular respiration
  • Has its own ribosomes & DNA (maternal)
67
Q

Lysosome

A
  • Hydrolytic enzyme (involved in hydrolysis)
  • “Clean up” organelle
  • Prevents viruses and invaders
68
Q

Central Vacuole

A
  • Only found in plant (and fungal) cells
  • Storage organelle
  • Stores water and macromolecules
69
Q

Chloroplast

A
  • Consists of Thylakoids (light reactions) and stroma (Calvin cycle)
  • Has its own ribosomes and DNA
70
Q

Microtubule

A
  • Part of Cytoskeleton for cell shape
  • Polymer of Tubulin
71
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Gives cell its shape

72
Q

Centriole

A
  • Produces spindle fibers
  • Primary microtubule-organizing center
73
Q

Fluid Mosaic

A

Mosaic of lipids (phospholipids), proteins, carbohydrates to form a membrane

74
Q

Glycoprotein & Glycolipid

A
  • Protein/Lipid attached to oligosaccharide
  • Modified Protein/Lipid
  • Involved in cell-to-cell recognition, virus-to-cell recognition, and bacteria-to-cell recognition (entity-to-cell recognition)
75
Q

What is one role of cholesterol?

A

To control fluidity of membrane (makes viscous ones more fluid and fluid ones more viscous)

76
Q

Membrane Protein Roles

A
  • Intercellular joining
  • Enzyme activity
  • Transport
  • Cell-to-cell recognition
  • Signal Transduction
77
Q

Active Transport

A
  • Uses energy from ATP to transport
  • Against the gradient
78
Q

Passive Transport

A
  • Small molecules diffuse easily
  • Facilitated & Simple Diffusion
  • With the gradient
79
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A
  • Ions
  • Large and polar (even if uncharged)
80
Q

Simple Diffusion

A
  • Hydrophobic molecules
  • Small, uncharged polar molecules
81
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Inorganic Phosphate (from ATP hydrolysis) binds to molecule, causes a conformational change

82
Q

Conformational Change

A

Change in the shape (and therefore the function) of a protein due to phosphorilation

83
Q

Dephosphorylation

A
  • Loss of a phosphate group (inorganic phosphate detaches from molecule)
84
Q

ATP Hydrolysis

A

ATP → ADP + Pᵢ
ATPase activity

85
Q

Bulk Transport

A
  • For large molecules
  • Requires ATP
86
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell eats droplets of extracellular fluid with molecules in it (nonspecific)

87
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Eats a cell or bacteria

88
Q

Macrophage

A

“big eater” cell eating

89
Q

Pseudopod

A

Extension of cytoplasm around entity

90
Q

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

A
  • Receptors on the cell grab the molecule and then endocytosis occurs
91
Q

Metabolism

A

Totality of organism’s chemical reactions

92
Q

Catabolic

A

Reactions that break down

93
Q

Anabolic

A

Reactions that synthesize/build

94
Q

Distal Phosphate Group

A

Very last/one furthest away from the ATP

95
Q

Exergonic

A

Spontaneous

96
Q

Endergonic

A

Non-spontaneous

97
Q

Coupling

A

Spontaneous process helps trigger non-spontaneous process

BIOL-150 (7 decks)

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