Final Bio Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Amphipathic
A
Molecules with both polar and nonpolar regions
2
Q
Emergent Properties of Water
A
1. Cohesion - polar & nonpolar interactions between molecules
2. Moderation of Temperature - high specific heat capacity
3. Insulation by Floating Ice - solid H₂O less dense compared to liquid H₂O
4. Solvent of Life - very common solvent
3
Q
Suspension
A
Large particles in mixture that settle out
4
Q
What is a sphere of H₂O atoms around an ion called?
A
Hydration Shell
5
Q
Emulsion
A
Mixture of 2 or more liquids that don’t usually mix
6
Q
pH
A
-log[H⁺]
7
Q
Isomers
A
Chemical compounds w/ the same formula but different structures
8
Q
Saturated
A
Hydrocarbon with only single C-C bonds (has as many Hs as possible; no double C=C bonds)
9
Q
Unsaturated
A
Hydrocarbon with at least one double C=C bond (does not have the maximum number of H atoms)
10
Q
Poly-unsaturated
A
Hydrocarbon with multiple double C=C bonds (at least 2)
11
Q
What are molecules with a hydroxyl group called?
A
Alcohols
12
Q
What is a molecule with a carbonyl group on the outside called?
A
- Aldehyde
- Molecule names end with “-al”
13
Q
What is a molecule with a carbonyl group on the inside/middle (between two Cs) called?
A
- Ketone
- Molecule names end with “-one”
14
Q
What is a molecule with a carboxyl group called?
A
- Organic Acid
- Weak Acid
15
Q
What is a molecule with an amino group called?
A
Amine
16
Q
What is a molecule with an amino group and a carboxyl group called?
A
Amino Acid
17
Q
What is a molecule with a sulfhydryl group called?
A
- Thiols
- Ends with “-thiol”
18
Q
What is a molecule with a phosphate group called?
A
Organic Phosphate
19
Q
What are the four macromolecules?
A
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
20
Q
Sugars are denoted by:
A
“-ose” in the name of a molecule
21
Q
Sucrose =
A
Glucose + Fructose
22
Q
Lactose =
A
Galactose + Glucose
23
Q
Maltose =
A
Glucose + Glucose
24
Q
Polymers of Glucose
A
- Starch
- Glycogen
- Cellulose
25
26
Properties of Starch
- Moderately branched
- Used for storage in plants
27
Properties of Glycogen
- Highly branched
- Storage polymer for animals
28
Properties of Cellulose
- Unbranched
- Found in the cell wall of plants
- Structural polymer
29
What are the bonds in polysaccharides?
Glycosidic Linkage
30
What are the bonds in lipids?
Ester Linkage
31
What are the bonds between amino acids / in proteins?
Peptide Bonds
32
What are the bonds in nucleic acids?
Phosphodiester Linkage
33
What are the properties of saturated fats?
- Usually solid
- Arranged straight
34
What are the properties of unsaturated fats?
- Usually liquid
- Arranged w/ kinks
- Not good for you usually
35
Cis fats?
Hydrogens are on the same side, making a bent shape
36
Trans fats?
Hydrogens are on opposite sides, making a straight shape
37
Hydrogenation
The process of adding hydrogen atoms to a molecule to break the double bond (process to conver unsaturated molecules to saturated ones)
38
Phospholipid
- Hydrophilic head
- Hydrophobic tail(s)
- Used in phospholipid bilayers
39
Steroid Structure
4 Carbon rings (6C, 6C, 6C, 5C)
40
Fat Structure
- 1 glycerol
- 3 fatty acids
41
Quaternary Structure
Proteins with 3 or more chains/subunits
42
Tertiary Structure
3-D model of proteins
43
Secondary Structures
Structures that make up a protein (like alpha-helixes and beta-sheets)
44
Primary Structure
The amino acid sequence of a protein
45
What stabilizes tertiary structure? (Interactions)
- Hydrogen bonds between side chains
- Van der Waals (hydrophobic interactions)
- Ionic Bonds
- Disulfide Bridges
46
Prion
- Misfolded Protein
- Can induce misfolding in normal variants of the same protein, causing cell deaths
47
Monomers of proteins?
Amino Acids
48
Monomers of Carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
49
Monomers of Nucleic Acids?
Nucleotides
50
What is a nucleotide made of?
1. Phosphate Group
2. Sugar
3. Nitrogenous Base
51
Pyrimidine
Nitrogenous base w/ just 1 ring (6C)
52
Which bases are pyrimidines?
- Cytosine (C)
- Uracil (U)
- Thymine (T)
53
Purine
Nitrogenous base w/ 2 rings (6C, 5C)
54
Which bases are purines?
- Adenine (A)
- Guanine (G)
55
What sugar is used in RNA?
Ribose
56
What sugar is used in DNA?
Deoxiribose
57
How many base pairs in 1 human DNA?
3 billion base pairs
58
3 Domains of Life
- Archaea
- Bacteria
- Eukarya
59
Glycocalyx
Slime layer or capsule in bacteria and prokaryotes
60
Nucleus
- Where DNA is stored
- Nuclear Pores (holes in membrane)
- Nuclear Membrane (double membrane) made of phospholipids and proteins
- Contains Nucleolus, which produces rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and ribosomes
- Controls cell activity
61
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Contains Ribosomes
- Secretes proteins
- Site of protein synthesis
62
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Produces Lipids
- Metabolizes Carbohydrates & Steroids
- Detoxification
- Produces Vesicles
63
Ribosome
- Large & Small Subunit
- Produce Proteins
- Made of rRNA and proteins
64
Vesicle
- Phospholipid bilayer + proteins
- Transports materials
65
Golgi Apparatus
- Modifies lipids & proteins
- Sends them to destinations in vesicles
66
Mitochondrion
- Produces ATP
- Site of cellular respiration
- Has its own ribosomes & DNA (maternal)
67
Lysosome
- Hydrolytic enzyme (involved in hydrolysis)
- "Clean up" organelle
- Prevents viruses and invaders
68
Central Vacuole
- Only found in plant (and fungal) cells
- Storage organelle
- Stores water and macromolecules
69
Chloroplast
- Consists of Thylakoids (light reactions) and stroma (Calvin cycle)
- Has its own ribosomes and DNA
70
Microtubule
- Part of Cytoskeleton for cell shape
- Polymer of Tubulin
71
Cytoskeleton
Gives cell its shape
72
Centriole
- Produces spindle fibers
- Primary microtubule-organizing center
73
Fluid Mosaic
Mosaic of lipids (phospholipids), proteins, carbohydrates to form a membrane
74
Glycoprotein & Glycolipid
- Protein/Lipid attached to oligosaccharide
- Modified Protein/Lipid
- Involved in cell-to-cell recognition, virus-to-cell recognition, and bacteria-to-cell recognition (entity-to-cell recognition)
75
What is one role of cholesterol?
To control fluidity of membrane (makes viscous ones more fluid and fluid ones more viscous)
76
Membrane Protein Roles
- Intercellular joining
- Enzyme activity
- Transport
- Cell-to-cell recognition
- Signal Transduction
77
Active Transport
- Uses energy from ATP to transport
- Against the gradient
78
Passive Transport
- Small molecules diffuse easily
- Facilitated & Simple Diffusion
- With the gradient
79
Facilitated Diffusion
- Ions
- Large and polar (even if uncharged)
80
Simple Diffusion
- Hydrophobic molecules
- Small, uncharged polar molecules
81
Phosphorylation
Inorganic Phosphate (from ATP hydrolysis) binds to molecule, causes a conformational change
82
Conformational Change
Change in the shape (and therefore the function) of a protein due to phosphorilation
83
Dephosphorylation
- Loss of a phosphate group (inorganic phosphate detaches from molecule)
84
ATP Hydrolysis
ATP → ADP + Pᵢ
ATPase activity
85
Bulk Transport
- For large molecules
- Requires ATP
86
Pinocytosis
Cell eats droplets of extracellular fluid with molecules in it (nonspecific)
87
Phagocytosis
Eats a cell or bacteria
88
Macrophage
"big eater" cell eating
89
Pseudopod
Extension of cytoplasm around entity
90
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
- Receptors on the cell grab the molecule and then endocytosis occurs
91
Metabolism
Totality of organism's chemical reactions
92
Catabolic
Reactions that break down
93
Anabolic
Reactions that synthesize/build
94
Distal Phosphate Group
Very last/one furthest away from the ATP
95
Exergonic
Spontaneous
96
Endergonic
Non-spontaneous
97
Coupling
Spontaneous process helps trigger non-spontaneous process
