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BIOL-150 > Bio Test 1 > Flashcards

Bio Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the emergent properties of water?

A
  • Cohesion
  • Temperature Moderation
  • Insulation by (Floating) Ice
  • Very Common Solvent
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2
Q

What do you call large particles in a mixture that settle out?

A

Suspensions

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3
Q

What do you call a mixture of 2 or more liquids that don’t usually mix?

A

Emulsion

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4
Q

Sphere of H2O molecules around an ion

A

Hydration Shell

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5
Q

Molecules with both nonpolar and polar regions

A

Amphipathic Molecules

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6
Q

pH Equation

A

pH = -log[H3O+]
or
pH = -log[H+]

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7
Q

Two chemical compounds with the same formula but different structures

A

Isomers

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8
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
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9
Q

What are the 2 main functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • Cell Fuel
  • Cell Structure
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10
Q

What are the 4 main functions of lipids?

A
  • Hydrophobic Qualities
  • Cell Fuel
  • Membranes
  • Steroids
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11
Q

What reaction is used to form polymers?

A

Dehydration Reaction

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12
Q

What reaction is used to break down polymers?

A

Hydrolysis

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13
Q

What are the four different levels of saccharides?

A
  1. Monosaccharides (monomer)
  2. Disaccharides (two monosaccharides)
  3. Oligosaccharides (small polysaccharide)
  4. Polysaccharide (polymer)
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14
Q

What is the suffix for a sugar?

A

-ose

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15
Q

A sugar with an aldehyde part is called…

A

Aldose

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16
Q

A sugar with a ketone part is called…

A

Ketose

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17
Q

What happens if you put a monosaccharide in a solution?

A

It shifts back and forth between ring and chain structure

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18
Q

Sucrose =

A

Fructose + Glucose

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19
Q

Lactose =

A

Galactose + Glucose

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20
Q

Maltose =

A

Glucose + Glucose

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21
Q

What are three polymers of glucose?

A
  • Starch
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose
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22
Q

Give a rundown on starch

A
  • Moderately Branched
  • Storage Polymer
  • Helical Chain of Glucose
  • Found in Plants
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23
Q

Give a rundown on glycogen

A
  • Highly Branched
  • Storage Polymer
  • More Dense than Starch
  • Found in Animals
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24
Q

Give a rundown on cellulose

A
  • Unbranched/Straight
  • Structural Polymer
  • Found in the Cell Wall of Plants
  • Alternates between α-glucose and β-glucose
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25
Q

What is the difference between α-glucose and β-glucose?

A
  • α-glucose is where the H goes up and OH goes down
  • β-glucose is where the H goes down and the OH goes up
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26
Q

What are the bonds between monosaccharides calleed?

A

Glycosidic Linkage

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27
Q

What is the enzyme for starch?

A

Amylase

28
Q

What are some examples of lipids?

A
  • Fats
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
  • Carotenes
29
Q

What is the chemical name for a fat?

A

Triacylglycerol

30
Q

What are fats made out of?

A

3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol

31
Q

What are the bonds in lipids called?

A

Ester Linkages

32
Q

This fat is solid at room temperature, does not have double bonds, and is straight in structure

A

Saturated Fat

33
Q

This fat is liquid at room temperature, has at least one double bond, and is arranged in an unstraight pattern

A

Unsaturated Fat

34
Q

Cis vs Trans Fats?

A

Both are unsaturated fats, but trans fats are arranged in a straight structure, which allows them to gelatinize at room temperature, making them similar to saturated fats in reusability. These fats are detrimental to your health.

35
Q

What is the process by which an unsaturated fat can become saturated (ie: lose its double bonds?)

A

Hydrogenation (when you add more H to the fat)

36
Q

What is a phospholipid comprised of?

A
  • Very polar (hydrophilic) head
  • Nonpolar (hydrophobic) tail
37
Q

How can you identify a steroid?

A

3 6-carbon rings and 1 5-carbon ring

38
Q

What is the monomer of a protein?

A

Amino Acids

39
Q

What is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein?

A

A protein has a function while polypeptides may or may not have one. All proteins are polypeptides but not all polypeptides are proteins.

40
Q

What is the bond between amino acids called?

A

Peptide bonds

41
Q

What is the structure of a peptide or chain of amino acids?

A

Begin with the N-terminus (amino terminal) where the first amino acid goes, and end with the C-terminus where the carbonyl group goes.

42
Q

What is the suffix that denotes an enzyme?

A

-ase

43
Q

Primary Structure

A

The actual sequence or order of an amino acid chain

44
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Structures that are seen in tertiary structures of proteins/polypeptides. These include α-helix structures and β-sheet structures.

45
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Polypeptides or proteins arranged in a 3-D way

46
Q

Quartinary Structure

A

A big protein formed from 3 or more polypeptides (amino acid chains). Alone, those chains have no function and are not considered a protein. Together, they do have a function.

47
Q

Where are the peptide bonds in a polypeptide?

A

Backbone

48
Q

What is one part of a β-sheet called?

A

β-strand (shaped in a hairpin loop)

49
Q

In Tertiary Structures, which bonds/interactions are found (for stabilization)?

A
  • Hydrogen Bonds
  • Van der Waals Interactions (hydrophobic interactions between 2 side chains)
  • Ionic Bonds
  • Disulfide Bridge
50
Q

What are some examples of tertiary structure representation?

A
  • Ribbon Diagram
  • Mesh Diagram
  • Surface Diagram
  • Space-Filling Model
51
Q

What is a catalyst that is a protein found in the body?

A

Enzyme

52
Q

What is the unfolding of a protein, loss of tertiary structure, and loss of function called?

A

Denaturation

53
Q

What are some conditions that cause denaturation?

A
  • Extreme pH (too low/acidic or too high/basic)
  • Excessive Heat
  • Extreme Salt Concentration
54
Q

E+S –> ES –> E+P

A

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

55
Q

What is the monomer of Nucleic Acid?

A

Nucleotides

56
Q

What are DNA and RNA classified as? (Polymer of Nucleotides)

A

Polynucleotides

57
Q

What is one segment of DNA that codes for a protein?

A

Gene

58
Q

What three parts does a nucleotide have?

A
  • Phosphate group
  • Sugar
  • Nitrogenous Base
59
Q

What is the sugar in RNA?

A

Ribose

60
Q

What is the sugar in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

61
Q

What is the difference between Ribose and Deoxyribose?

A

Deoxyribose is missing an oxygen

62
Q

What are the 5 Nitrogenous Bases?

A
  • Adenine (both)
  • Guanine (both)
  • Cytosine (both)
  • Thymine (DNA only)
  • Uracil (RNA only)
63
Q

Which Nitrogenous Bases form a double bond?

A

Adenine and Thymine (A-T)

64
Q

Which Nitrogenous Bases form a triple bond?

A

Guanine and Cytosine (G-C)

65
Q

What is the approximate length of one strand of human DNA?

A

3 Billion Base Pairs

66
Q

How are opposite strands of DNA organized?

A

Antiparallel, Double Helix, Starts with 5’ and ends with 3’, and vice versa for the opposite

BIOL-150 (7 decks)

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