Bio Test 1 Flashcards
What are some of the emergent properties of water?
- Cohesion
- Temperature Moderation
- Insulation by (Floating) Ice
- Very Common Solvent
What do you call large particles in a mixture that settle out?
Suspensions
What do you call a mixture of 2 or more liquids that don’t usually mix?
Emulsion
Sphere of H2O molecules around an ion
Hydration Shell
Molecules with both nonpolar and polar regions
Amphipathic Molecules
pH Equation
pH = -log[H3O+]
or
pH = -log[H+]
Two chemical compounds with the same formula but different structures
Isomers
What are the 4 macromolecules?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
What are the 2 main functions of carbohydrates?
- Cell Fuel
- Cell Structure
What are the 4 main functions of lipids?
- Hydrophobic Qualities
- Cell Fuel
- Membranes
- Steroids
What reaction is used to form polymers?
Dehydration Reaction
What reaction is used to break down polymers?
Hydrolysis
What are the four different levels of saccharides?
- Monosaccharides (monomer)
- Disaccharides (two monosaccharides)
- Oligosaccharides (small polysaccharide)
- Polysaccharide (polymer)
What is the suffix for a sugar?
-ose
A sugar with an aldehyde part is called…
Aldose
A sugar with a ketone part is called…
Ketose
What happens if you put a monosaccharide in a solution?
It shifts back and forth between ring and chain structure
Sucrose =
Fructose + Glucose
Lactose =
Galactose + Glucose
Maltose =
Glucose + Glucose
What are three polymers of glucose?
- Starch
- Glycogen
- Cellulose
Give a rundown on starch
- Moderately Branched
- Storage Polymer
- Helical Chain of Glucose
- Found in Plants
Give a rundown on glycogen
- Highly Branched
- Storage Polymer
- More Dense than Starch
- Found in Animals
Give a rundown on cellulose
- Unbranched/Straight
- Structural Polymer
- Found in the Cell Wall of Plants
- Alternates between α-glucose and β-glucose
What is the difference between α-glucose and β-glucose?
- α-glucose is where the H goes up and OH goes down
- β-glucose is where the H goes down and the OH goes up
What are the bonds between monosaccharides calleed?
Glycosidic Linkage
What is the enzyme for starch?
Amylase
What are some examples of lipids?
- Fats
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
- Carotenes
What is the chemical name for a fat?
Triacylglycerol
What are fats made out of?
3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol
What are the bonds in lipids called?
Ester Linkages
This fat is solid at room temperature, does not have double bonds, and is straight in structure
Saturated Fat
This fat is liquid at room temperature, has at least one double bond, and is arranged in an unstraight pattern
Unsaturated Fat
Cis vs Trans Fats?
Both are unsaturated fats, but trans fats are arranged in a straight structure, which allows them to gelatinize at room temperature, making them similar to saturated fats in reusability. These fats are detrimental to your health.
What is the process by which an unsaturated fat can become saturated (ie: lose its double bonds?)
Hydrogenation (when you add more H to the fat)
What is a phospholipid comprised of?
- Very polar (hydrophilic) head
- Nonpolar (hydrophobic) tail
How can you identify a steroid?
3 6-carbon rings and 1 5-carbon ring
What is the monomer of a protein?
Amino Acids
What is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein?
A protein has a function while polypeptides may or may not have one. All proteins are polypeptides but not all polypeptides are proteins.
What is the bond between amino acids called?
Peptide bonds
What is the structure of a peptide or chain of amino acids?
Begin with the N-terminus (amino terminal) where the first amino acid goes, and end with the C-terminus where the carbonyl group goes.
What is the suffix that denotes an enzyme?
-ase
Primary Structure
The actual sequence or order of an amino acid chain
Secondary Structure
Structures that are seen in tertiary structures of proteins/polypeptides. These include α-helix structures and β-sheet structures.
Tertiary Structure
Polypeptides or proteins arranged in a 3-D way
Quartinary Structure
A big protein formed from 3 or more polypeptides (amino acid chains). Alone, those chains have no function and are not considered a protein. Together, they do have a function.
Where are the peptide bonds in a polypeptide?
Backbone
What is one part of a β-sheet called?
β-strand (shaped in a hairpin loop)
In Tertiary Structures, which bonds/interactions are found (for stabilization)?
- Hydrogen Bonds
- Van der Waals Interactions (hydrophobic interactions between 2 side chains)
- Ionic Bonds
- Disulfide Bridge
What are some examples of tertiary structure representation?
- Ribbon Diagram
- Mesh Diagram
- Surface Diagram
- Space-Filling Model
What is a catalyst that is a protein found in the body?
Enzyme
What is the unfolding of a protein, loss of tertiary structure, and loss of function called?
Denaturation
What are some conditions that cause denaturation?
- Extreme pH (too low/acidic or too high/basic)
- Excessive Heat
- Extreme Salt Concentration
E+S –> ES –> E+P
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
What is the monomer of Nucleic Acid?
Nucleotides
What are DNA and RNA classified as? (Polymer of Nucleotides)
Polynucleotides
What is one segment of DNA that codes for a protein?
Gene
What three parts does a nucleotide have?
- Phosphate group
- Sugar
- Nitrogenous Base
What is the sugar in RNA?
Ribose
What is the sugar in DNA?
Deoxyribose
What is the difference between Ribose and Deoxyribose?
Deoxyribose is missing an oxygen
What are the 5 Nitrogenous Bases?
- Adenine (both)
- Guanine (both)
- Cytosine (both)
- Thymine (DNA only)
- Uracil (RNA only)
Which Nitrogenous Bases form a double bond?
Adenine and Thymine (A-T)
Which Nitrogenous Bases form a triple bond?
Guanine and Cytosine (G-C)
What is the approximate length of one strand of human DNA?
3 Billion Base Pairs
How are opposite strands of DNA organized?
Antiparallel, Double Helix, Starts with 5’ and ends with 3’, and vice versa for the opposite
