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BIOL-150 > Bio Test 3 > Flashcards

Bio Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Budding

A
  • Asexual reproduction process
  • Organism develops from bud
  • Genetically identical
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2
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A
  • 1 single parent
  • Genetically identical
  • Mitosis
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3
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A
  • 2 parents
  • Genetically diverse
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4
Q

Chromosome

A

Condensed form of chromatin (histones & DNA) through supercoiling

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5
Q

Unreplicated Chromosome

A

Chromosome with just 1 DNA molecule (in the fom of a chromatid)

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6
Q

Replicated Chromosome

A

Chromosome with 2 DNA molecules (in the form of sister chromatids) held together by a centromere

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7
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Two DNA molecules (chromatids) w/ same DNA (in a replicated chromosome)

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8
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA that codes for proteins or functional RNA molecules

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9
Q

Gene Locus

A

Location of a specific gene on a chromosome

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10
Q

Karyotype

A

Display of someone’s chromosomes (22 chomosome pairs + sex chromosomes)

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11
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A
  • Two chromosomes w/ the same genes (but different DNA)
  • Usually one paternal and one maternal
  • Those chromosomes are alleles
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12
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of the same gene (~1 nucleotide difference)

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13
Q

Autosomes

A

Non-sex chromosomes; any of the chromosomes 1-22

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14
Q

Gametes

A
  • Reproductive cells (sperm + ovum/egg)
  • Haploid
  • 1/2 regular # of chromosomes
  • 23 chromosomes
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15
Q

Somatic Cell

A
  • Diploid
  • 46 chromosomes
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16
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an individual (compilation of genes)

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17
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical and observable characteristics coded for by genes

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18
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

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19
Q

Meiosis

A
  • Only for sexually-reproducing organisms
  • Results in 4 haploid cells
  • Consists of Meiosis 1 and 2
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20
Q

Prophase I

A
  • Nuclear membrane disappears
  • Chromosomes become visible
  • Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchanging chomosomal segments (“crossing over”)
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21
Q

Recombinant Chromatids

A
  • Chromatids that exchanged chromosomal segments with homologous chromatid
  • Involved in “crossing over”
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22
Q

Nonrecombinant Chromatids

A

Chromatids that are not involved in “crossing over”

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23
Q

Metaphase I

A

Chromosomes line up in the center/middle of the cell

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24
Q

Spindle Fibers

A

Spindle-like structures that grab and align chromosomes

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25
Q

Centromere

A
  • Structure involved in holding together chromatids in duplicated chromosomes
  • Contains spindle fibers
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26
Q

Anaphase I

A

Homologous chromsomes segregate

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27
Q

Telophase I

A

Cell membrane is pinched (animals)

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28
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cells completely separated

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29
Q

Interkinesis

A

Pause between stages

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30
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

The pinch in the cell membrane during telophase/cytokinesis

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31
Q

Prophase I vs Prophase II

A

No crossing over in Prophase II

32
Q

Anaphase I vs Anaphase II

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart instead of homologous chromosomes in Anaphase II

33
Q

Telophase I vs Telophase II

A

Instead of separating into 2 cells, separates into 4

34
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally, resulting in abnormal chromosomal distribution in resulting cells

35
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Abnormal # of chromosomes per cell

36
Q

Monhybrid Cross

A

Cross betwen 2 individuals in which you only care about the outcome of 1 gene

37
Q

Dihybrid Cross

A

Cross betwen 2 individuals in which you only care about the outcome of 2 genes

38
Q

Non-Mendelian/Incomplete Dominance

A

Dominant allele does not completely show in phenotype (for heterozygous dominant genotype)

39
Q

Pleiotropy

A

One genotype coding for multiple phenotypes

40
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

One phenotype is determined by multiple genotypes

41
Q

Exactly how long is one strand of DNA?

A

3 billion base pairs

42
Q

Nucleoside

A

Nucleotide without phosphate groups

43
Q

Phosphodiester Linkage

A

Bond between 2 hydroxyl groups in a phosphate group/phosphoric acid (between nucleotide phosphate groups and hydroxyl groups aka 5’ 3’ ends)

44
Q

Semi-Conservative Model

A
  • Proposed (and accepted) model for DNA replication
  • Each DNA strand becomes a template for new DNA strands to compliment
  • End up with 2 identical molecules of DNA
  • 1 old strand and 1 new strand in each DNA
45
Q

Conservative Model

A
  • Proposed (and not accepted) model for DNA replication
  • End up with 2 identical molecules of DNA
  • 1 DNA molecule is conserved while the other is completely new
46
Q

Dispersive Model

A
  • Proposed (and not accepted) model for DNA replication
  • End up with 2 identical molecules of DNA
  • Replicates w/ bits and pieces of old and new in each strand
47
Q

Origin of Replication

A

Where on the DNA the DNA replication proceses starts; DNA has multiple origins of replication

48
Q

Replication Bubble

A

Open region of DNA that expands from origin of replication; where DNA replication takes place

49
Q

Replication Fork

A

1/2 a replication bubble

50
Q

dNTP stands for:

A

deoxiribnucleotide triphosphate

51
Q

DNA Polymerase 3

A
  • Main DNA replication enzyme
  • Can only add nucleotides to a free 3’ end
  • Only works if dNTPs are present
52
Q

Primer

A

Short bits of RNA, provide the free 3’ OH needed for DNA Polymerase 3

53
Q

Helicase

A

Enzyme for separating DNA strands

54
Q

Single Strand Binding Proteins (SSBs)

A

Prevent DNA from recombining

55
Q

Primase

A

Enzyme that facilitates production of primers

56
Q

Okazaki Fragment

A

Segments that are part RNA and part DNA (primers + DNA from DNA polymerase expanding the primers)

57
Q

DNA Polymerase 1

A

Enzyme that removes primers and replaces it with the corresponding nucleotides

58
Q

DNA Ligase

A

Connects the DNA fragments

59
Q

Leading Strand

A
  • Strand that is produced the fastest
  • Produced continuously
  • Toward fork
60
Q

Lagging Strand

A
  • Strand that is produced more slowly
  • Produced discontinuously
  • Away from fork
61
Q

DNA Topoisomerase

A

“Nicks” (makes a small cut out of) 1 strand of DNA and repairs it

62
Q

Thymine Dimer

A

Extra bond between 2 adjacent thymines (caused by UV)

63
Q

Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)

A

Pathway used by mammals to remove DNA lisions usually formed by UV light

64
Q

Mismatch Repair

A

Repairing incorrect, deleted, or misincorporated bases that occur during replication process

65
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell suicide

66
Q

Transcription

A

DNA → mRNA

67
Q

Translation

A

mRNA → Protein

68
Q

Reverse Transcription

A

mRNA → DNA

69
Q

Reverse Transcriptase

A

Enzyme that facilitates reverse transcription

70
Q

Eukaryote vs Prokaryote Transcription & Translation

A

Eukaryote:
- Transcription in nucleus
- Translation in rough ER w/ ribosomes
- 50 nucleotides per second (slower)
Prokaryote:
- Both transcription and translation in cytoplasm
- 500 nucleotides per second (faster)

71
Q

What is the name for mRNA before being processed? (Eukaryote)

A
  • Pre-mRNA
  • Primary Transcript
72
Q

What is the name for mRNA after being processed? (Eukaryote)

A
  • Mature mRNA
73
Q

Intron vs Exon

A

Introns usually do not have info required for proteins

74
Q

Splicing

A
  • Another name for “processing” mRNA
  • Removes introns and fuses exons together
  • Forms mature mRNA
75
Q

Ribosyme

A

RNA molecules that are enzymes

76
Q

Spliceosome

A

Protein and catalytic RNA complex that catalyzes the splicing process

77
Q

Codon

A
  • 3 nucleotides
  • Usually codes for 1 amino acid
  • Ribosomes read RNA 1 codon at a time

BIOL-150 (7 decks)

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