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BIOL-150 > Bio Test 4 > Flashcards

Bio Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleotide added to a growing DNA strand

A

Nucleoside Triphosphate

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2
Q

What catalyzes elongation?

A

DNA Polymerases

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3
Q

What is the rate of elongation (bacteria)?

A

500 nucleotides/s

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4
Q

What is the rate of elongation (humans)?

A

50 nucleotides/s

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5
Q

How long is one DNA strand?

A

3 billion base pairs

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6
Q

dNTP

A

Deoxiribonucleoside triphosphate

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7
Q

What prevents DNA from reannealing/stabilizes DNA?

A

Single Strand Binding Proteins (SSBs)

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8
Q

Enzyme that removes primers and replaces it with the corresponding nucleotides

A

DNA Polymerase 1

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9
Q

Enzyme that connects the DNA fragments

A

DNA Ligase

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10
Q

Strand that goes away from fork

A

Lagging

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11
Q

Strand that goes toward the fork

A

Leading

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12
Q
  • “Nicks” (makes a small cut out of) 1 strand of DNA and repairs it; corrects “overwinding”
  • Breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands
A

DNA Topoisomerase

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13
Q

In which direction does a DNA strand elongate?

A

5’ to 3’

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14
Q

To cut out and replace damaged stretches of DNA

A

Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)

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15
Q

Two thymines have an extra bond

A

Thymine Dimer

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16
Q

Repairing incorrect, deleted, or misincorporated bases that occur during replication process, removes a chunk and starts over

A

Mismatch Repair

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17
Q

What is the name for mRNA before being processed? (Eukaryote)

A

Pre-mRNA, Primary Transcript

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18
Q

What is the name for mRNA after being processed? (Eukaryote)

A

Mature RNA

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19
Q

Processing DNA (connect exons, get rid of introns)

A

Splicing

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20
Q

Ribosyme

A

RNA molecules that are enzymes

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21
Q

Spliceosome

A

Protein and catalytic RNA complex that catalyzes the splicing process

22
Q

Promoter

A

DNA sequence that RNA Polymerase attaches to

23
Q

Terminator

A

Sequence that signals end of transcription

24
Q

What part of the DNA is transcribed in RNA transcription?

A

Transcription Unit

25
Q

Poly-A tail

A

200 adenines at 3’ end found in eukaryotic mRNA

26
Q

Affinity Chromotography

A

Chromotography for extracting mRNA (column full of T extracts the mRNA which has the poly-A tail)

27
Q

Initiation

A
  • Small unit attaches to promoter
  • tRNA attaches to codon
  • Large subunit attaches
28
Q

Elongation

A
  • Codon recognition (w/ anticodons on tRNA)
  • Peptide bond formation (between amino acids that the tRNAs carry, forms a chain)
  • Translocation (tRNA naked detaches)
29
Q

Anticodon

A

Part of tRNA that has the complimentary RNA sequence to the DNA strand sequence

30
Q

Release factor

A

Binds to stop codon, ribosomal subunits separate and end translation (termination)

31
Q

Polyribosome

A

Multiple ribosomes reading and translating to make lots of proteins

32
Q

Proprotein

A

Protein that must be cut to become functional

33
Q

Prokaryote transcription & translation are…

A

At the same time and in the same place

34
Q

Reading frame

A

Reads one codon at a time

35
Q

Silent Mutation

A

No change to protein (the nucleotide sequences result in the same amino acid)

36
Q

Missense Mutation

A

Wrong amino acid due to different nucleotide sequence (codon)

37
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

Leads to an early stop codon

38
Q

Read Through

A

A mutation on a stop codon, which changes the codon and prevents the translation from ending (reads through the poly-A tail)

39
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

Insertion or deletion of a nucleotide

40
Q

Point Mutation

A

Mutation at a single nucleotide

41
Q

Fillial

A

Generations after parent:
P → F1 → F2

42
Q

Genes expressed 24/7 are called…

A

Constitutive/Housekeeping Genes

43
Q

Genes expressed only in the presence of a stimulus

A

Induced Genes

44
Q

Genes that are turned off in the presence of a stimulus

A

Repressible Genes

45
Q

Protease

A

Protein hydrolysis enzyme

46
Q

Operon

A

Coordinated unit of gene expression

47
Q

Regulatory Gene

A

Produces repressors that can interact with the operator

48
Q

Promoter

A

Where RNA polymerase bonds to

49
Q

Operator

A

on/off switch

50
Q

Structural Gene

A

Genes that are translated

51
Q

Inactive Repression

A

Repressor cannot bind to operator

BIOL-150 (8 decks)

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