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BIOL-150 > Bio Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Bio Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

In what kinds of organisms does photosynthesis occur?

A

Plants, algae, and SOME bacteria

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2
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose) + 6O₂

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3
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

Chloroplasts (usually, except for cyanobacteria/blue-green algae or other photosynthetic bacteria)

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4
Q

What two processes make up photosynthesis?

A
  1. Light Reactions
  2. Calvin Cycle
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5
Q

What happens in light reactions (photosynthesis)?

A
  • Light energy converted to chemical energy (ATP, NADPH)
  • Involves splitting of water molecules into oxygen
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6
Q

What wavelengths encompass the visible light spectrum?

A

380 nm - 760 nm

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7
Q

What is the role of photosynthetic pigments?

A
  • Found in chloroplasts
  • Can absorb photons of light and use in photosynthesis
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8
Q

Name some photosynthetic pigments.

A
  • Chlorophyll a (main), b, c, d
  • Carotenoids (Carotene & Xanthophylls)
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9
Q

What color is chlorophyll?

A

Green

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10
Q

What color are carotenoids?

A

Yellow, Orange, and Red

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11
Q

What is the calvin cycle?

A
  • Energy from ATP and NADPH is used to convert CO₂ into organic molecules (such as glucose)
  • Does not need light (dark reactions)
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12
Q

Which color has the longest/largest wavelength?

A

Red (760 nm)

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13
Q

Which color has the shortest wavelength?

A

Violet (380 nm)

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14
Q

What is the role of the sodium bicarbonate in the photosynthesis lab?

A

Source of CO₂ for photosynthesis

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15
Q

What is the equation for the rate of photosynthesis?

A

mL O₂ / time (hour)

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16
Q

What was the effect of increased light wattage on the rate of photosynthesis?

A

↑ Light Intensity = ↑ Rate of Photosynthesis

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17
Q

Would the rate of photosynthesis increase indefinitely?

A

No, because the CO₂ will be depleted eventually.

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18
Q

What is paper chromatography?

A

Using a specific type of paper as well as a solvent to separate different solutes/pigments in a solution and analyze their qualities.

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19
Q

What affects how far a pigment can move in paper chromatography?

A
  1. Molecular Weight (heavy pigments don’t move as far)
  2. Solubility in Solvent (more soluble = moves farther)
  3. Affinity for Paper (higher affinity doesn’t move as far)
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20
Q

What is the equation for Rf?

A

Pigment Distance / Solvent Distance

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21
Q

What color is chlorophyll a?

A

blue-ish green

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22
Q

What color is chlorophyll b?

A

yellowish green

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23
Q

What color is β-carotene?

A

yellowish orange

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24
Q

What color is xanthophyll?

A

yellow

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25
Q

Why is photosynthesis important?

A
  • Produces O₂
  • Regulates CO₂
  • Produces food/energy
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26
Q

What was measured to calculate cell respiration and photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen

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27
Q

What is oxidation? (NOT redox)

A

Release of electrons & energy from a substance (such as glucose oxidation)

28
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The collective chemical reactions and steps involved in oxidation

29
Q

What is glycolysis?

A
  • Glucose is converted into pyruvate
  • Makes NADH
  • Anaerobic process
  • Produces 2 ATP
  • STEP 1 - glucose to glucose 6-phosphate (adds O group) | committed/irreversible step (uses ATP) | hexokinase (hence 6-phosphate)
  • STEP 2 - glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate | reversible step (equilibrium) | phosphoglucose isomerase
  • STEP 3 - fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6-biphosphate (adds phosphate) | committed/irreversible step (uses ATP) | phosphofructokinase (pfk)
30
Q

What is fermentation/anaerobic respiration?

A
  • When pyruvate (converted from glucose through glycolysis) is converted to a different end product and excreted
  • Anaerobic
  • Does not yield much ATP (only 2)
31
Q

What are some end products of fermentation?

A
  • Ethyl Alcohol
  • CO₂
32
Q

TCA cycle, Citric Acid cycle, Krebs cycle

A
  • Some energy is converted to ATP (only 2)
  • Most is stored in electron carriers (NAD, FAD)
  • CO₂ comes off
  • NADH produced
  • 2 ATP produced
  • FADH₂ produced
  • Many intermediates
  • Aerobic
33
Q

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A
  • Redox chain
  • H⁺ protons create a gradient, can only enter through ATP synthase
  • Chemiosmosis - diffusion of H⁺ ions across ATP synthase (creates ATP)
  • Produces 32 ATP
  • Aerobic
34
Q

Endotherms

A
  • Maintain a constant body temperature
  • Birds and mammals
  • Does not fluctuate with environment
35
Q

Ectotherms

A
  • Cannot maintain a constant internal body temperature
  • Fluctuates with environment’s temperature
36
Q

Explain seed dormancy

A
  • Energy metabolized very slowly
  • Cannot use photosynthesis but can use cellular respiration
  • Cannot germinate until conditions are favorable
  • As seeds germinate, cell resp rates increase
37
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose) + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (heat + ATP)

38
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The collection of life-sustaining chemical reactions in one’s body

39
Q

What was the role of KOH in the cellular respiration experiment?

A

To react with and remove the CO₂ from the environment so that only O₂ is measured

40
Q

What is the equation for the rate of oxygen consumption?

A

mL oxygen consumed / hour

41
Q

What is the equation for metabolic rate?

A

Rate of oxygen consumption (mL oxygen / hour) / mass of organism

42
Q

How does temperature affect respiration in organisms?

A
  • Endotherms: inverse relationship (↑ temp ↓ resp and vice versa)
  • Ectotherms: direct relationship (↑ temp ↑ resp and vice versa)
43
Q

Why would water move into the respirometer pipettes?

A

Pressure difference (as O₂ decreases, water moves in since pressure decreases)

44
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. Observation
  2. Question
  3. Hypothesis (possible explanation)
  4. Prediction (if, then statement)
  5. Experiment
  6. Analysis
  7. Conclusion
45
Q

What must a hypothesis be?

A
  • Specific
  • Written as a Statement
  • Testable
  • Falsifiable
46
Q

Diffusion

A

Moving from high conc. to low conc.

47
Q

Gradient

A

Difference in concentration, pressure, or temperature

48
Q

Osmosis

A

Special kind of diffusion that involves movement of a solvent (like water)

49
Q

Tonicity

A
  • Measure ability of solution to cause water to move
  • Hypertonic
  • Hypotonic
  • Isotonic
50
Q

Hypertonic

A

Greater concentration compared to the other side of the membrane

51
Q

Hypotonic

A

Lower concentration compared to the other side of the membrane

52
Q

Isotonic

A

Same concentration on both sides of membrane

53
Q

Turgor Pressure

A

Resistance of water movement by cell wall

54
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Separation of plasma membrane from cell wall

55
Q

What is the equation for percent change in mass?

A

Change in mass (current - initial) / Mass (initial) * 100%

56
Q

Dialysis

A

Diffusion of solute

57
Q

Factors that affect diffusion

A
  • Molecular Weight
  • Molarity
  • Temperature
  • Concentration Gradient
58
Q

What is a monosaccharide made of?

A
  • Carbonyl group
  • 2 or more hydroxyl groups
  • Hexoses (like glucose) are the most important in biology
59
Q

What is the reaction used to form larger molecules from small molecules?

A

Dehydration Synthesis

60
Q

What are reducing sugars?

A

Sugars capable of reducing (can donate an electron) due to carbonyl group (C=O)

61
Q

How does a reducing disaccharide work?

A

One of the rings of the 2 monosaccharides can break apart to form C=O (carbonyl)

62
Q

Benedict’s Assay

A
  • Tests positive for reducing sugars
  • Positive results are green, yellow, orange, or red
  • Originally a blue solution
  • Must heat solutions in water
63
Q

Barfoed’s Assay

A
  • Tests positive for monosaccharides
  • Positive results are green or red/violet
  • Originally a blue solution
  • Must heat solutions in water
  • Similar to Benedict’s Assay but with 4.5 pH (acidic)
64
Q

Iodine Test/Assay

A
  • Tests positive for presence of a starch
  • Control is yellow-ish
  • Positive result is black or purple/blue
65
Q

Biuret Test/Assay

A
  • Tests positive for peptide bonds (proteins, usually)
  • Positive result is violet or purple
  • Originally blue solution
66
Q

Miscibility Assay

A
  • Tests NEGATIVE (no mixing) for lipids
67
Q

Sudan Black (or Red) Test

A
  • Mixes with and stains lipids
  • Does not mix with or stain water or water-soluble compounds
  • Positive test for lipids

BIOL-150 (8 decks)

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