Final Flashcards
Male Primary sex organ
testes
female primary sex organ
ovaries
male secondary sex organs
ducts, glands, and penis
female secondary sex organ
uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
3 main scrotal mechanisms for temp regulation
cremaster muscle
dartos muscle
pampiniform plexus
blood-testis barrier
tight junction, separates sperm from immune system
spermatic ducts
efferent ductules
duct of epididymis
ductus deferenes
ejaculatory duct
3 glands in male system
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
spermatogenesis
process of making sperm
spermiogenesis
transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa
purpose of female system
produce & delivers gametes
provides nutrition & shelter for fetus
gives birth
nourishes infant
layers of uterus
perimetrium (outer)
myometrium (middle)
Endometrium (inner)
layers of endometrium
stratum functionalism
stratum basalis
3 stages of female puberty
thelarche (breast development)
pubarche (pubic hair)
menarche ( menstrual period)
climacteric
midlife change in hormone secretion
menopause
cessation of menstrual cycle
reproductive cycle
fertilization—birth—-fertility
sexual cycle
monthly events w/o pregnancy
ovarian cycle
3 stages that develop follicles
menstrual cycle
buildup of endometrium followed by breakdown and discharge
hierarchy of hormonal control during sexual cycle
hypothalamus— pituitary— ovaries—- uterus
3 stages of ovarian cycle
follicles phase
ovulation
luteal phase
4 stages of menstrual cycle
proliferative
secretory
premenstrual
menstrual
conceptus
all products of conception
terms of unborn child
blastocyst
embryo
fetus
neonate
pregnancy hormones
estrogen
progesterone
human chorionic gonadotopin
human chorionic
somatommotropin
stages of labor
dilation
expulsion
placental stage
colostrum
first breast milk, less fat and has igA
ectopic pregnancy
implantation outside of the uterus
gestational diabetes
diabetes that develop w/ pregnancy
preeclampsia
gestational hypertensions
spontaneous abortion
miscarriage
embryology
study of prenatal
developmental biology
study of entire life cycle
sperm migration
sperm travel distal 1/3 of uterine tube
capacitations
sperm penetrate egg
fertilization
sperm gives DNA to egg
first trimester
most vulnerable
second trimester
organs complete development
third trimester
fetus grows rapidly
pre embryonic stage
first 16 days of development
cleavage
mitotic division
implantation
attaches to uterine wall
embryogenesis
arrangement into 3 primary germ layer
ectoderm
epidermis, nervous system, eye, ear
mesoderm
skeleton, muscle, cartilage, blood, lymphoid tissue, gonads, kidneys
endoderm
gut, respiratory, urinary system
amnion
transparent sac, penetrated only by umbilical cord
yolk sac
small sac, becomes GI tract, blood cells
allantois
foundation of umbilical cord
chorion
outermost membrane, made of chorionic villi & smooth chorion
uterine milk
secretion of uterine tubes
trophoblast ic nutrition
conceptus consumes endometrium cells
placenta
nutrient diffuse mother fetus
placenta function
nutritional excretory respiratory endocrine immune
teratogen
drugs & chemicals
infectious disease
radiation
disjunction
normal chromosome seperation
Nondisjunction
pairs chromosomes fails to separate
aneuploidy
extra or lack of chromosome
monosomy
lack of chromosome
trisomy
extra chromosome, triple set
triplo-X syndrome
XXX, infertile female w/ mild intellectual impairment
klinefelter syndrome
XXY, sterile male w/ average intelligence
turner syndrome
XO, webbed neck, failure to develop sexual characteristics, sterile
patau syndrome
trisomy-13, severely deformed
edward syndrome
trisomy-18, severely deformed
down syndrome
trisomy-21, most survivable
aging
all changes of time
senesscene
degeneration
intrinsic aging
normal change over time
photo aging
degeneration in proportion to UV exposure
life expectancy
average length of life in a given population
life span
maximum age
3 major portion of brain
cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem
gray matter
outside, thinking
white matter
inside, “railroad tracts”
meniges
Dura (outer)
Arachnoid (middle)
Pia (inner)
CSF
clear, colorless liquid that bathes
3 function of CSF
buoyancy
protection
chemical stability
reticular formation
gray matter
characteristics of cerebellum
2nd largest part
1/2 neurons
R&L hemisphere
functions of reticular formation (5)
somatic motor control
cardiovascular control
pain modulation
sleep & consciousness
habituation
4 types of brain waves
alpha (daydream)
beta (awake)
theta (light sleep)
delta (deep sleep)
visceral reflexes
unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation
viceral arc pathway
receptors> afferent neurons> interneurons> efferent neurons> effectors
sympathetic characteristics
short pre, long post (1: multi)
targets large areas
parasympathetic characteristics
long pre, short post
selective
no chain
4 nerves of parasympathetic
oculomotor (III)(eye)
facial (VII) facial secretion
glossopharyngeal (IX) salivation
vagus (X) rest of body
4 areas of CNS that control ANS
cerebral cortex hypothalamus midbrain,pons, medulla oblongata spinal cord
enteric nervous system
nervous system of digestive tract
does not arise from brain or spinal cord
regulates motility of esophagus
sense organ
nervous tissue & another tissue that respond to stimulus
enhances response
transduction
conversion of on energy to another
receptor potential
small local
electrical charge
change to CNS
somatic pain
pain from skin
visceral pain
pain from organs
sensation
subjective awareness
salty
metal ion- sodium potassium
sweet
organic compounds- sugars associated with carbs and high caloric foods
sour
associated with acids, citrus fruits
umani
“meaty”- amino acids
savory
bitter
associated w/ spoiled foods & alkaloids
nicotine, caffeine, morphine, rejected food
hearing
a response
equilibrium
sense of motion, orientation & balance
sound
any audible vibration
pitch
high or low, determined by frequency
loudness
perception, intensity
conductive deafness
problem with transmission
otosclerosis
fusion of ossicles
sensorineur al deafness
death or hair cells or any nervous element
2 types of acceleration
linear- straight line
angular- rotation
2 types of equilibrium
static- perception of head
dynamic- perception of motion
optical components
cornea
aqueous humor
lens
vitreous body
3 tunics of eye
outer- sclera, cornea
middle- choroid, ciliary body, iris
inner- retina, optics nerve
rods
night vision
cones
day vision
neural components of eye
retina, optic nerve
type II diabetes
most common
insulin resistance
type I diabetes
less common
lack of insulin
3 polys of diabetes
polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia