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A&P 2 > Exam Three > Flashcards

Exam Three Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood

A

transport
Protect
regulate

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2
Q

matrix

A

plasma

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3
Q

formed elements

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Platelets

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4
Q

Serum

A

remaining flood after blood clot

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5
Q

Blood Plasma Proteins

A

albumin
globulin
fibrinogen

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6
Q

Albumin

A

small, most abundant

buffers ph, blood volume, pressure, and flow

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7
Q

fibrinogen

A

frame work of a blood clot

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8
Q

viscosity

A

resistance of flow, bc of cohesion of particles

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9
Q

Osmolarity

A

molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass thru blood vessel wall

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10
Q

hemopoiesis

A

production of blood

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11
Q

erythropoiesis

A

production of Erythrocytes (RBC)

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12
Q

functions of RBC

A

devoid internal structures

fermentation of ATP

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13
Q

characteristics of RBC

A

discoidal cell w a biconcave shape and think rim

cytoplasm of hemoglobin

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14
Q

hemoglobin carry how many oxygen

A

4

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15
Q

most common measurements

A

hematocrit
hemoglobin concentation
RBC count

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16
Q

RBC life cycle

A

live 120 days- produce 1mil/sec

reduction in cell size
increase in cell number
synthesis of hemoglobin
loss of nucleus and organelles

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17
Q

primary polycythemia

A

due to cancer of erythropoietic line of the red bone marrow

RBC counts 11 million

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18
Q

secondary polycythemia

A

all other causes (dehydration, high altitudes, exercise)

RBC counts 6-8 million

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19
Q

anemia

A

deficiency of RBCs

result–kidney failure

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20
Q

non nutritional anemia

A

hypoplastic anemia decline in erythropoiesis

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21
Q

aplastic anemia

A

cessation of erythropoiesis leads to tissue necrosis and blackening of skin

deadly if not treated

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22
Q

nutritional anemia

A

iron deficiency anemia

most common

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23
Q

pernicious anemia

A

deficiency of B12

rare, but not vegetarians

old age– stomach deterioration

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24
Q

sickle cell disease

A

hereditary hemoglobin defect

Africa

recessive allel modifies hemoglobin

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25
Q

antigen

A

molecules that are unique to everyone (except twins)

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26
Q

antibodies

A

proteins created by immune system as response to foreign matter

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27
Q

WBCs characteristics

A

least
nuclei stain purple
retain organelles thru out life

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28
Q

types of WBCs

A

granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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29
Q

leukopenia

A

low WBC count

lead, arsenic, and mercury poisoning

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30
Q

leukocytosis

A

high WBC count

indicated infection, allergy, or disease

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31
Q

leukemia

A

cancer of hemopoietic tissue, high amounts of WBCs

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32
Q

myeloid leukemia

A

uncontrolled granulocyte production

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33
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

forming of WBCs in bone marrow in adult bones and hematopoietic organs on fetus

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34
Q

acute

A

appears suddenly

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35
Q

chronic

A

develops slowly

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36
Q

hemostasis

A

cessation of bleeding

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37
Q

platelet functions

A

secret vasoconstrictors

form platelet plugs

initiate clot dissolving enzymes

internalize and destroy bacteria

38
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

formation of platelets

39
Q

3 homeostasis mechanisms

A

vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation

40
Q

vascular spasm

A

prompt constriction of broken blood vessel

41
Q

platelet plug formation

A

platelets adhere to vessel creating a mass that reduces or stops bleeding

42
Q

coagulation

A

clotting of blood

43
Q

fibrinolysis

A

dissolution of clot

44
Q

controls to prevent inappropriate clotting

A

platelet repulsion
dilution
anticoagulants

45
Q

hemophilia

A

hereditary diseases characterized by deficiency of a factor

46
Q

hemophilia missing

A B C

A

A missing 8
B missing 9
C missing 11

47
Q

thrombosis

A

unwanted blood clotting in an uninjured vessel

48
Q

2 divisions of cardiovascular system

A

pulmonary circuit

systemic circuit

49
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

carries blood to lungs for gas exchange & returns it to the heart

supplied by right half of heart

50
Q

Systemic circuit

A

supplies blood to every organ of the body

supplied by left side of heart

51
Q

pericardium

A

double walled sac that encloses the heart

52
Q

three layers of the heart

A

epicardoum
myocardium
endocardium

53
Q

epicardium

A

serous membrane covering heart

inner layer

54
Q

myocardium

A

preforms work of the heart

spiral formation

55
Q

heart chambers

A

2 superior
*right & left atria

2 inferior
* right & left ventricles

56
Q

angina pectoris

A

sense of heaviness or pain in chest

57
Q

myocardial infraction

A

sudden death of patch of myocardium, long term obstruction of coronary circulation

58
Q

cardiocytes

A

striated short, thick cells

on nucleus

gap junction allows ion to flow between cells

autorhythmic

repair cells , fibrosis

59
Q

conduction system

A

coordinates heartbeat

internal pacemaker and conduction pathways

60
Q

process of conduction system

A

SA node (pacemaker) initiates each heartbeat & determines the rate

signals travel from SA node throughout atria

AV node sends signals to ventricles down apex

61
Q

systole

A

contraction

62
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

63
Q

sinus rhythm

A

normal heartbeat triggered by SA node

64
Q

ectopic focus

A

any region of spontaneous firing NOT caused by SA node

65
Q

nodal rhythm

A

spontaneous firing from AV node

66
Q

arrhythmias

A

any abnormal cardiac rhythm

67
Q

atrial flutter

A

ectopic focus in the atria that set off extra contractions

68
Q

premature ventricle contraction

A

Singles or bursts as a result of early firing of an ectopic focus

69
Q

Ventricle Fibrillation

A

electrical signals diff places diff times

70
Q

Defibrillation

A

emergency procedure

heart is given strong electrical shock in hopes of depolarizing the myocardium and stopping fibrillation

71
Q

parts of an EKG

A

P wave
QRS complex
ST segment
T wave

72
Q

P wave

A

SA node fires, atria depolarize and contract

73
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

spike

74
Q

ST segment

A

Ventricle Systole

plateau in myocardial action potential

75
Q

T wave

A

Ventricle repolarization and relaxation

76
Q

Valvular

A

cusps stiffened, opening constricted by scar tissue

overworked heart

77
Q

heart murmur

A

abnormal heart sounds, backward flow of blood

78
Q

mitral valve proplapse

A

insufficiency

cusps bulge into atria during contraction

79
Q

phases of cardiac cycle

A

isovolumetric contraction
isovolumetric relaxation
ventricular ejection
ventricular filling

80
Q

ventricular filling

A

diastole

ventricles expand
pressure drops
AV valves open
blood flows to ventricles

81
Q

isovolumetric contraction

A

atria repolarixe and relax, remain in diastole for rest of cardiac cycle

ventricles depolarize, create QRS complex n contract

82
Q

ventricular ejection

A

ventricular pressure forces
semilunar valves open
creating plateau and t waves

83
Q

isovolumetric relaxation

A

diastole

T wave ends ,ventricles expand

84
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute

CO= heart rate X stroke volume

85
Q

Cardiac reserve

A

difference between the maximum and resting cardiac output

86
Q

tachycardia

A

persistence, resting adult hear rate about 100 bmp

87
Q

bradycardia

A

persistence, resting adult heart rate below 60 bpm

88
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected by 1 ventricle w each beat

89
Q

stroke volume variables

A

perload
contractility
afterload

90
Q

preload

A

amount of tension in ventricular myocardium before contraction

91
Q

contractility

A

how hard the myocardium contracts from preload

92
Q

afterload

A

sum of all forces opposing ejection of blood from ventricles

A&P 2 (13 decks)

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