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AP Biology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

3 components of dna

A

▫phosphate group
▫Pentose sugar
▫nitrogenous base

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2
Q

purines

A

adenine, guanine

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3
Q

pyrimidines

A

cytosine, thymine

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4
Q

______ is paired with A

A

T

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5
Q

_____ is paired with C

A

G

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6
Q

building blocks of dna

A

nucleotides

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7
Q

DNA is arranged directionally from ____ to _____

A

5’ to 3’

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8
Q

chargoff’s rule

A

controls what base pairs with what base

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9
Q

DNA backbone is made out of

A

phosphate and sugar molecule

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10
Q

semiconservative mode of replication

A

DNA replication produces daughter strands with 1 parental strand and 1 newly made strand

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11
Q

conservative mode of replication

A

both parental strands if DNA remain together after replication

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12
Q

dispersive mode of replication

A

segments if new DNA are mixed in with parental strands after replication

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13
Q

what mode of replication does DNA use

A

semiconservative

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14
Q

origin of replication

A

a site within a chromosome that serves as a starting point for DNA replication

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15
Q

bidirectional replication

A

DNA replication proceeds outward from the origin in broth directions

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16
Q

new DNA is made is what direction

A

5’ to 3’

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17
Q

leading strand in DNA replication

A

the daughter strand that is made in the same direction that the fork is moving

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18
Q

lagging strand in DNA replication

A

▫the daughter strand that is made in a series of fragments that are eventually connected
▫synthesis occurs away from the replication fork

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19
Q

okazaki fragments

A

DNA fragments that compose the lagging strand of dna

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20
Q

DNA strands are arranged _____ and _____

A

▫antiparallel

▫conplimentary

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21
Q

DNA helicase

A

separates the strands of DNA and moves replication fork during DNA replication

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22
Q

DNA topoidomerase

A

alleviates coiling the occurs at the head of the fork during DNA replication

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23
Q

single strand binding proteins

A

bind to the single strands of parental DNA and prevent them from reforming a double helix

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24
Q

DNA polymerase

A

links nucleotides together to form daughter DNA strands

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25
DNA ligase
links together the okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
26
DNA primase
synthesizes short RNA primers to start the process of replication on a bare strand
27
central dogma
``` DNA transcription RNA translation protein ```
28
trancription
producing a RNA copy of a gene of DNA
29
translation
the process of using the RNA template to synthesize a protein
30
structural genes
produce an RNA molecule that contains info to make a protein
31
mRNA
carries info from the DNA to the ribosome
32
tRNA
brings amino acids to the correct RNA codon
33
rRNA
forms parts of the ribosome
34
promoter
a site where transcription begins on the DNA
35
terminator
specifies the end of transcription
36
stages of transcription
▫initiation ▫elongation ▫termination
37
template strand (transcription)
the strand that is used as a template for RNA synthesis
38
coding strand (transcription)
the strand of DNA that is not used as a template for RNA synthesis
39
RNA is built in what direction, but moves along the DNA is what direction
built 5' to 3' | moves 3' to 5'
40
RNA processing
the process of turning pre-mRNA into mature mRNA
41
introns
intervening sequences that are not translated
42
exons
parts of pre-mRNA that contain the coding sequences
43
splicing
introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are connected to eachother
44
capping
when a 5' cap is attached to mature mRNA
45
poly a tail
a string if adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end of mature mRNA to protect it
46
genetic code
a code that specifies the relationship between the sequence codons in mRNA and the sequence if amino acids in a polypeotide
47
codon
a group of three nucleotide bases that code for a specific amino acid
48
why is the genetic code said to be degenerate
more than one codon can specify for the same amino acid
49
start codon sequence
AUG
50
stop codon sequence
UAA, UAG, UGA
51
anticodon
part if the tRNA molecule that allows it to bind to the mRNA
52
mitosis
when a single cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells
53
diploid
when the cells of an organism carry two sets of chromosomes
54
haploid
when cells carry one set of chromosomes
55
homologues
the members of a pair of chromosomes
56
centromere
where two sister chromatids tightly associate
57
sister chromatids
two identical copies of a gene that lie side by side
58
mitotic spindle apparatus
organizes and sorts chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis
59
spindle fibers are made from
microtubulues
60
interphase
normal cell functioning
61
prophase
▫chromatids condense | ▫nuclear membrane begins to dissociate
62
prometaphase
▫sister chromatids attach to the spindle fibers
63
metaphase
sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate
64
anaphase
sister chromatids separate and individual chromosomes move toward poles
65
telophase
chromosomes decondense and nuclear membrane reforms
66
cytokinesis
when the two daughter cells split apart
67
meiosis
a diploid cell divides into four haploid gametes
68
crossing over
a physical exchange between chromosome prices of a bivalent
69
bivalent
homologs pairs of sister chromatids lying side by side
70
chiasma
the site of crossing over
71
meiosis 1
separates homologous chromosomes
72
meiosis 2
separates sister chromatids
73
M phase
mitosis
74
longest phase of the cell cycle
G1
75
incomplete dominance
blend of traits
76
codominance
both traits are expressed
77
multiple allele example
blood type
78
sex linked traits
traits linked to the x chromosome
79
epistasis
▫one gene is modified by a second gene | ▫need both copies if second gene to modify first
80
polygenic trait
a trait in which several genes contribute to the outcome of the trait
81
G1 phase
cell grows physically larger and makes more organelles
82
S phase
cell copies DNA
83
G2 phase
cell grows more and preps for mitosis
84
hox genes
class of genes involved in pattern formation in early embryos and body plan
85
ectoderm
outer later of the gastrula
86
endoderm
inner layer if the gastrula
87
mesoderm
middle later of the gastrula
88
gastrulation
a process in which the blastula folds inward, creating different embryonic cell layers
89
conjugation
a type if genetic transfer between bacteria that involves direct physical contact between two bacteria
90
fertilization
the union of two gametes to form a zygote
91
cleavage
a succession if rapid cell divisions to form a blastula

AP Biology (7 decks)

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