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AP Biology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 components of dna

A

▫phosphate group
▫Pentose sugar
▫nitrogenous base

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2
Q

purines

A

adenine, guanine

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3
Q

pyrimidines

A

cytosine, thymine

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4
Q

______ is paired with A

A

T

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5
Q

_____ is paired with C

A

G

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6
Q

building blocks of dna

A

nucleotides

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7
Q

DNA is arranged directionally from ____ to _____

A

5’ to 3’

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8
Q

chargoff’s rule

A

controls what base pairs with what base

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9
Q

DNA backbone is made out of

A

phosphate and sugar molecule

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10
Q

semiconservative mode of replication

A

DNA replication produces daughter strands with 1 parental strand and 1 newly made strand

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11
Q

conservative mode of replication

A

both parental strands if DNA remain together after replication

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12
Q

dispersive mode of replication

A

segments if new DNA are mixed in with parental strands after replication

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13
Q

what mode of replication does DNA use

A

semiconservative

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14
Q

origin of replication

A

a site within a chromosome that serves as a starting point for DNA replication

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15
Q

bidirectional replication

A

DNA replication proceeds outward from the origin in broth directions

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16
Q

new DNA is made is what direction

A

5’ to 3’

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17
Q

leading strand in DNA replication

A

the daughter strand that is made in the same direction that the fork is moving

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18
Q

lagging strand in DNA replication

A

▫the daughter strand that is made in a series of fragments that are eventually connected
▫synthesis occurs away from the replication fork

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19
Q

okazaki fragments

A

DNA fragments that compose the lagging strand of dna

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20
Q

DNA strands are arranged _____ and _____

A

▫antiparallel

▫conplimentary

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21
Q

DNA helicase

A

separates the strands of DNA and moves replication fork during DNA replication

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22
Q

DNA topoidomerase

A

alleviates coiling the occurs at the head of the fork during DNA replication

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23
Q

single strand binding proteins

A

bind to the single strands of parental DNA and prevent them from reforming a double helix

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24
Q

DNA polymerase

A

links nucleotides together to form daughter DNA strands

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25
Q

DNA ligase

A

links together the okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

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26
Q

DNA primase

A

synthesizes short RNA primers to start the process of replication on a bare strand

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27
Q

central dogma

A 
DNA 
transcription
RNA
translation
protein
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28
Q

trancription

A

producing a RNA copy of a gene of DNA

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29
Q

translation

A

the process of using the RNA template to synthesize a protein

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30
Q

structural genes

A

produce an RNA molecule that contains info to make a protein

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31
Q

mRNA

A

carries info from the DNA to the ribosome

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32
Q

tRNA

A

brings amino acids to the correct RNA codon

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33
Q

rRNA

A

forms parts of the ribosome

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34
Q

promoter

A

a site where transcription begins on the DNA

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35
Q

terminator

A

specifies the end of transcription

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36
Q

stages of transcription

A

▫initiation
▫elongation
▫termination

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37
Q

template strand (transcription)

A

the strand that is used as a template for RNA synthesis

38
Q

coding strand (transcription)

A

the strand of DNA that is not used as a template for RNA synthesis

39
Q

RNA is built in what direction, but moves along the DNA is what direction

A

built 5’ to 3’

moves 3’ to 5’

40
Q

RNA processing

A

the process of turning pre-mRNA into mature mRNA

41
Q

introns

A

intervening sequences that are not translated

42
Q

exons

A

parts of pre-mRNA that contain the coding sequences

43
Q

splicing

A

introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are connected to eachother

44
Q

capping

A

when a 5’ cap is attached to mature mRNA

45
Q

poly a tail

A

a string if adenine nucleotides added to the 3’ end of mature mRNA to protect it

46
Q

genetic code

A

a code that specifies the relationship between the sequence codons in mRNA and the sequence if amino acids in a polypeotide

47
Q

codon

A

a group of three nucleotide bases that code for a specific amino acid

48
Q

why is the genetic code said to be degenerate

A

more than one codon can specify for the same amino acid

49
Q

start codon sequence

A

AUG

50
Q

stop codon sequence

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

51
Q

anticodon

A

part if the tRNA molecule that allows it to bind to the mRNA

52
Q

mitosis

A

when a single cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells

53
Q

diploid

A

when the cells of an organism carry two sets of chromosomes

54
Q

haploid

A

when cells carry one set of chromosomes

55
Q

homologues

A

the members of a pair of chromosomes

56
Q

centromere

A

where two sister chromatids tightly associate

57
Q

sister chromatids

A

two identical copies of a gene that lie side by side

58
Q

mitotic spindle apparatus

A

organizes and sorts chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis

59
Q

spindle fibers are made from

A

microtubulues

60
Q

interphase

A

normal cell functioning

61
Q

prophase

A

▫chromatids condense

▫nuclear membrane begins to dissociate

62
Q

prometaphase

A

▫sister chromatids attach to the spindle fibers

63
Q

metaphase

A

sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate

64
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate and individual chromosomes move toward poles

65
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes decondense and nuclear membrane reforms

66
Q

cytokinesis

A

when the two daughter cells split apart

67
Q

meiosis

A

a diploid cell divides into four haploid gametes

68
Q

crossing over

A

a physical exchange between chromosome prices of a bivalent

69
Q

bivalent

A

homologs pairs of sister chromatids lying side by side

70
Q

chiasma

A

the site of crossing over

71
Q

meiosis 1

A

separates homologous chromosomes

72
Q

meiosis 2

A

separates sister chromatids

73
Q

M phase

A

mitosis

74
Q

longest phase of the cell cycle

A

G1

75
Q

incomplete dominance

A

blend of traits

76
Q

codominance

A

both traits are expressed

77
Q

multiple allele example

A

blood type

78
Q

sex linked traits

A

traits linked to the x chromosome

79
Q

epistasis

A

▫one gene is modified by a second gene

▫need both copies if second gene to modify first

80
Q

polygenic trait

A

a trait in which several genes contribute to the outcome of the trait

81
Q

G1 phase

A

cell grows physically larger and makes more organelles

82
Q

S phase

A

cell copies DNA

83
Q

G2 phase

A

cell grows more and preps for mitosis

84
Q

hox genes

A

class of genes involved in pattern formation in early embryos and body plan

85
Q

ectoderm

A

outer later of the gastrula

86
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer if the gastrula

87
Q

mesoderm

A

middle later of the gastrula

88
Q

gastrulation

A

a process in which the blastula folds inward, creating different embryonic cell layers

89
Q

conjugation

A

a type if genetic transfer between bacteria that involves direct physical contact between two bacteria

90
Q

fertilization

A

the union of two gametes to form a zygote

91
Q

cleavage

A

a succession if rapid cell divisions to form a blastula

AP Biology (7 decks)

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