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AP Biology > Evolution Test > Flashcards

Evolution Test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Homology

A

A fundamental similarity that occurs in different species due to the descent from a common ancestor

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2
Q

Homologous structures

A

Anatomical structures that are similar throughout different species that are derived from a common ancestor

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3
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Anatomical features that have no apparent function but resemble structures of of the ancestors

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4
Q

Developmental homologies

A

Similarities during embryonic development of species that look substantially different as adults

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5
Q

Molecular homologies

A

Similarities in features of cells

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6
Q

Homologous genes

A

2 genes derived from the same ancestral gene

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7
Q

Natural selection

A

Organisms that are more likely to survive and reproduce will pass on their genetic info to future generations

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8
Q

Natural selection leads to

A

Adaptations

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9
Q

Adaptations

A

A form of evolutionary change in which a populations characteristics change to make its members better suited to the environment

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10
Q

Inheritance of aquired characteristics

A

Behavioral changes modify traits, these traits are then passed to offspring

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11
Q

Lamark’s main idea

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

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12
Q

Analogous structures / convergent traits

A

Similar characteristics in different species with different evolutionary lineages due to convergent evolution

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13
Q

Darwinian fitness measures

A

Reproductive success

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14
Q

Darwinian fitness

A

The likelihood that a genotype will contribute to a future generation’s gene pool as compared to other genotype a

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15
Q

Anagenesis

A

A single species is transformed into a different species over the course of many generations

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16
Q

Cladogenesis

A

A division of species into 2 or more species

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17
Q

Gene pool

A

All the genes in a population

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18
Q

Microevolution

A

Changes in a population’s gene pool from generation to generation

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19
Q

Endemic

A

Naturally found only in one particular location

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20
Q

Biological evolution

A

A heritable change in characteristics of a population across many generations

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21
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Individuals at the extremes have greater reproductive success and the intermediate types have less reproductive success

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22
Q

Directional selection

A

Individuals at one extreme have greater reproductive success

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23
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Individuals in the intermediate have greater reproductive success

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24
Q

Macro evolution

A

Evolutionary changes that create new species and groups of species

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25
Q

Competition for mates occurs during

A

Sexual selection

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26
Q

Habitat isolation

A

2 species cannot interbreed because they are geographically separated

27
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Two species cannot interbreed because of incompatible genitalia

28
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Two species cannot interbreed because they reproduce at different times

29
Q

Gametic isolation

A

Two species cannot produce offspring because the gametes fail to unite to successfully fertilize

30
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Two species do not interbreed because they do not attract mates the same way

31
Q

Prezygotic mechanisms

A

Prevent the formation of a zygote (prevent interbreeding)

32
Q

Postzygotic mechanisms

A

Block the development of viable and fertile offspring

33
Q

Stabilizing selection tends to _______ genetic diversity

A

Decrease

34
Q

Disruptive selection is more likely to occur in what type of environments?

A

Diverse

35
Q

Balancing selection

A

Maintains genetic diversity by keeping alleles in balance

36
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Between members of the same sex

37
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Between members of the opposite sex

38
Q

Effects of interbreeding

A
  • increase of homozygotes
  • decrease of heterozygotes
  • decrease of mean fitness
39
Q

Stromatolites

A

Layered rock like structures formed by Cyanobacteria

40
Q

Malthus’s main idea

A

Only a fraction of any population will survive and reproduce

41
Q

Who co-discovered evolution at the same time as Darwin

A

Wallace

42
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Two different species from different lineages show similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments

43
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of a particular gene

44
Q

Hardy Weinberg conditions

A
  • population is large
  • random mating
  • no migration
  • no natural selection
  • no new mutations
45
Q

Mean fitness of a population

A

Average reproductive success of members of a population

46
Q

Gene flow

A

When individuals migrate between populations having different allele frequencies

47
Q

Interbreeding depression

A

When interbreeding produces homozygotes that are less fit, thereby decreasing the reproductive success of the population

48
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of new species

49
Q

Allopathic speciation

A

Speciation caused when members of a species become geographically separated form other members

50
Q

Hybrid zones

A

The zones where two populations can interbreed before complete reproductive isolation

51
Q

Sympathetic speciation

A

Members of a species that initially occupy the same habitat diverge into two or more different species

52
Q

Gradulism

A

Each new species evolves continuously over long spans of time

53
Q

Evolutionary developmental biology

A

New field of biology that compares the development of different organisms to try and understand ancestral relationships

54
Q

Allometric growth

A

When different parts of the body grow at different rates

55
Q

Species

A

Group of related organisms that share a distinctive form

56
Q

Hominids appeared in what period

A

Tertiary

56
Q

Period reptiles emerged

A

Carboniferous

56
Q

Period where land plants and Arthropods appeared

A

Ordovician

56
Q

Large coal deposits and land animals in what period

A

Carboniferous

57
Q

Period with earliest vascular plants

A

Selerium

57
Q

Period when amniotic egg appeared

A

Carboniferous

57
Q

p and q represent

A

Allele frequencies

57
Q

Artificial selection is driven by

A

People selecting traits they want in organisms

AP Biology (7 decks)

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