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AP Biology > Chpt 15: Mitosis And Meiosis > Flashcards

Chpt 15: Mitosis And Meiosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

steps of mitosis

A

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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2
Q

events of interphase

A

▫DNA replicates

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3
Q

events of prophase

A

▫nuclear membrane breaks down

▫chromosomes condense

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4
Q

events of prometaphase

A

▫mitotic spindle formed

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5
Q

events of metaphse

A

▫chromosomes line up a long the metaphase plate

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6
Q

events of anaphase

A

▫chromosomes are pulled apart as spindle fibers contract

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7
Q

events of telophase

A

▫nucleus reforms

▫chromosomes decondense

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8
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm from one mother cell into 2 daughter cells

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9
Q

events of prophase 1

A

▫crossing over occurs

▫nuclear membrane breaks down

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10
Q

events of prometaphase 1

A

tetrad attaches to kinetochore microtubules

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11
Q

events of metaphase 1

A

tetrads align along metaphase plate

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12
Q

anaphase 1

A

homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles

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13
Q

telophase 1

A

▫nuclear membrane reforms

▫chromosomes decondense

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14
Q

prophase 2

A

▫sister chromatids condense

▫nuclear membrane dissapears

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15
Q

prometaphase 2

A

▫sister chromatids attach to spindle fibers via kinetochore

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16
Q

metaphase 2

A

▫sister chromatids align along metaphase plate

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17
Q

anaphase 2

A

▫kinetochore microtubules shorten

▫sister chromatic seperate

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18
Q

telophase 2

A

▫chromosomes decondense
▫nuclear membrane reforms
▫2 diploid cells into 4 haploid

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19
Q

sister chromatids

A

2 duplicated chromatids still joined to each other after DNA replication

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20
Q

centromere

A

region where sister chromatids are tightly associated

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21
Q

diploid, 2n

A

a cell that carries 2 sets of chromosomes

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22
Q

haploid, n

A

cell containing one set of chromosomes

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23
Q

cell plate

A

structure that forms a cell wall between 2 daughter cell

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24
Q

cleavage furrow

A

an area in animal cells that constricts to separate cells

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25
Q

spindle apparatus

A

protein fibers responsible for organizing and sorting chromosomes

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26
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

the members of a pair of chromosomes in a diploid organism

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27
Q

kinetochore

A

a group of proteins that binds to the centromere that helps sort chromosomes

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28
Q

histones

A

a group of proteins involved in the formation of nucleosomes

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29
Q

how are DNA and histones attracted

A

the negative charge of the phosphate on DNA is attracted to the positive charge on histone proteins

30
Q

nucleosomes

A

a structural unit of eukaryotic DNA that is composed of 8 histone proteins wrapped with DNA

31
Q

sporophyte

A

the diploid generation of some plants with alternating generations

32
Q

gametophyte

A

the haploid stage of some plants with alternating generations

33
Q

microtubules

A

protein fibers that make up the spindle apparatus

34
Q

astral microtubules

A

position spindle apparatus in the cell, extend away from chromosomes

35
Q

polar microtubules

A

help to separate the two poles of the cell

36
Q

kinetochore microtubules

A

help pull sister chromatids apart, bind to kinetochores

37
Q

tetrads (bivalents)

A

homologous chromosomes lying side by side

38
Q

crossing over

A

a physical exchange of chromosome pieces of a bivalent

39
Q

chiasmata

A

the connection at a crossover site of 2 chromosomes

40
Q

synapsis

A

the process of forming a bivalent

41
Q

aneuploidy

A

not having the correct number of chromosomes

42
Q

alloploid

A

an organism that contains at least 1 set of chromosomes from 2 or more different species

43
Q

euploid

A

an organism that have the correct number of chromosomes

44
Q

trisomic

A

an aneuploid with one too many chromosomes

45
Q

polyploidy

A

an organism with 3 or more sets of chromosomes

46
Q

monosomic

A

an aneuploid with one too few chromosomes

47
Q

diploid dominant species

A

species in which the diploid organism is the prevalent organism in the life cycle

48
Q

haploid dominant species

A

species in which the haploid organism is the prevalent organism in the life cycle

49
Q

karyotype

A

a photographic representation of chromosomes that tells how many are in an actively dividing cell

50
Q

metacentric

A

chromosome with centromere near the middle

51
Q

submetacentric

A

chromosome with centromere off center

52
Q

acrocentric

A

chromosome with a centromere near one end

53
Q

telocentric

A

chromosome with centromere at one end

54
Q

3 ways to identify chromosomes

A

size, centromere location, banding pattern

55
Q

inversion

A

a change in the direction of the genetic material along a single chromosome

56
Q

duplication

A

when a section of chromosome occurs 2 or more times

57
Q

deficiency

A

when a segment of chromosomal material is missing

58
Q

simple translocation

A

a single piece of a chromosome is attached to another

59
Q

reciprocal translocation

A

when 2 different types of chromosomes exchange pieces

60
Q

nondisjunction

A

an event in which chromosomes don’t sort properly during cell division

61
Q

cancer suppressor gene

A

p53

62
Q

cells that undergo mitosis

A

somatic cells

63
Q

cells that undergo meiosis

A

germ cells

64
Q

G1

A

cell increases in size and prepares to replicate DNA

65
Q

S Phase

A

cell replicates DNA

ends with 2 complete sets of chromosomes

66
Q

G2

A

cell continues to grow and prepares for cell division

67
Q

G0

A

nondividing stage

68
Q

G1 checkpoint looks for

A

no DNA damage

sufficient recourses

69
Q

S checkpoint looks for

A

no errors during DNA replication

70
Q

G2 checkpoint looks for

A

DNA without damage
chromosome set complete
enough cell components

71
Q

M phase (mitosis) checkpoint

A

all the chromosomes must be attached to motor if spindles

AP Biology (7 decks)

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