final Flashcards
the main philosophy behind the renaissance
stimulated the philosophy of secularism, the appreciation of worldly pleasures,
it was the beliefs that humans were not inherently sinful and useless, and could understand and improve their world
humanism
father of the Italian Renaissance
sent Europeans on a search for lost and forgotten Latin manuscripts and called for the study of the classic Greek and roman works
Petrarch
not focusing so much on religion
secularism
rebirth
1350-1550
a rebirth of roman and Greek culture
Renaissance
had to be proficient in several different skills: intellectually, physically, and artistically
individual human achievement and excellence was highly valued
Renaissance man
produced the first printed book with his printing press - the bible
johannes Gutenberg
originated fresco
used perspective
Masaccio
sculptor who studied Greek and roman statues and constructed a statue of Saint George
Donatello
mastered the art of realistic painting
wanted to capture the perfection of the human body
was also a scientist, inventor, and anatomist
the last supper
Mona Lisa
leanardo da Vinci
one of Italy’s best painters at young age of 25
noted for paintings of the Virgin Mary
also painted the popes chambers which include his masterpiece the school of Athens
Raphael
Painter, sculptor, and architect
painted the ceiling of the Sistine chapel in Rome as well as the last judgement located on the entire wall of the chapel
statue of David
depicts the ideal and perfect human body
Michelangelo
Many people become weary of the church
people began to turn to science for answers
more land was available
could charge more for labor
Black Death
first political philosopher
Italian historian
feared
wrote prince in 1513
Machiavelli
release from all or part of the punishment for a sin
ticket into heaven
indulgences
written by Martin Luther
October 31, 1517
castle church in Wittenberg, Germany
protest against the Catholic Church
95 theses
monk and professor at university of Wittenberg
focused on certainty of salvation
feels that humans are powerless and could never do enough to reach true salvation
justification by faith alone
Martin Luther
best known for Christian humanist father of Christian humanism philosophy of Christ Christianity should show people how to live good lives and not just provide beliefs on how they can be saved wanted to reform, not break away
desiderius Erasmus
only wanted to keep baptism and holy Eucharist
Luther
says that both faith and good works are needed for salvation
Catholic Church
priest in Zurich
relics and images of Catholic Church are now abolished
aligns with Martin Luther to defend against the Catholic Church
dies in war between Catholics and Protestants
Zwingli
new leader of Protestantism
believed in Luthers justification by faith alone
beloved in the all-power nature of God
strong focus on predestination
Calvin
wanted to divorce his first wife Mary because they on,t had a daughter and no son
wanted the pope to annual the marriage and remarry to anne Boleyn, but he refused
decided to turn to England’s own church courts
King Henry VIII
Spanish conquerer of the Aztecs
wanted to convert people to Catholicism
Cortes
why did Europeans begin to travel overseas
they were attracted to Asia
navigational technology improved
what were the sailors looking for
God
glory
gold
went south along west coast of Africa
discovered gold
prince Henry
after Dias, he followed the same path but went further east to cross the Indian Ocean to end up in India: first to make it to India by sea
finds spices and returns to Portugal with them
makes a profit of a several thousand percent
da gama
sailed in 1492
was convinced that the earths circumference wasn’t as large as others speculated
believed he could find Asia by sailing west instead of east around Africa
persuaded Queen Isabella of Spain to finance his expedition
never even stepped foot on North America
Christopher Columbus
persuaded the king of Spain to finance his journey to Asia through the Western Hemisphere
sailed south down the coast of South America trying to find a passage into the pacific from the Atlantic
Magellan
allowed for sailing against the wind
got the idea from the Arab society
lateen sails
faster and bigger ship designed by the Portuguese
carvel ship
invented by Chinese
allowed ships to steer and travel faster
sternpost rudder
knew the world was round, but had no idea of its circumference
sail west
Spain
1494
line of demarcation
unexplored territories to the east were to be controlled by Spain
Portugal now had control over routes to Africa and Spain had control of almost all Americas
treaty of tordasilles
economic system that made a country get power from the amount of gold and silver it had
mercantilism
the tendency to look at the world primarily from the Perot ones own ethnic culture
ethnocentrism
use something in an unjust or cruel manner
Europeans did this to Africans by using them for slaves and as a way to trade
exploitation
why were westerners unable to travel by land from Europe to Asia in the fourteenth century
shut down trade routes
conquest by the ottoman Turks
sail east
Portuguese
traveled to eastern North America
claimed Canada
France
swap of old and new world germs, animals, plants, people’s, and cultures
Columbian exchange
on the civil war due to their leader, Oliver Cromwell
Roundheads
a system in which a ruler holds total power
absolutism
a political philosopher opposed to absolutism
John Locke
we are all free and no one was superior to anyone else
state of nature
political philosopher that supported absolutism
believed the unchecked power of the ruler was necessary to maintain order
Thomas Hobbes
member of parliament and the leader of Roundheads
army was made up mostly of puritans and extremists known as independents
believed he was fighting for God
instituted a military dictatorship
Oliver Cromwell
once the English bill of rights is signed this is known as what because almost no blood was shed
glorious revolution
rulers Received their power from God and were responsible to no one except God
divine right of kings
absolute monarchist who believes in the divine right to rule
takes over in 1689
westernization
Peter the great
allowed parliament to make laws and levy taxes King and Queen could not get rid of the parliament
constitutional monarchy
settlement on the James River
Jamestown
discovered heliocentric universe
Copernicus
created 3 laws of motion
Newton
most famous for demanding separation of person and state
Voltaire
claimed that all elements were made up of fire, water, air, earth, and a divine substance of the heavens
Aristotle
teacher of the mathematics
first European to make regular observations of the heavens using a microscope
discovered mountains on the moon
Galileo
wrote origins of the inequality of mankind and discourse
wrote the social contract
argued that people had adopted laws and government in order to preserve their private property
Roseau
pray entire society agrees to be governed by its general will
the social contract
French lawyer
political philosopher
Montesquieu
sun centered universe
heliocentric
the force that attracts a body toward the center of the earth
Gravity
a belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response
rationalism
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
natural rights
who influenced the constitution
John Locke
states that in a state of nature human life was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short
leviathan
Louis XIV tied to the idea of divine rights had Huguenots executed murdered all nobles wanted the most power possible
the sun King
sailed for the English and met the armada in the English Channel
defeated the armada
sir Francis drake
supporter of King Charles I in the English civil war
cavalier
settlers cannot move west of the Appalachian mountains
sought to stop the exploitative sale of Indian land
to prevent future warfare between Indians
proclamation of 1763
born in 1722
leader of sons of Liberty
signed the Declaration of Independence
fights for bill of rights
Sam Adams
1764
passed by parliament
increased tax duties colonists had to pay on goods such as coffee, sugar, textiles, indigo. and wine
no taxation without representation
sugar act
March 22, 1765
passed by parliament
the purpose was to pay for the high cost of managing and protecting the colonies, as well as the war debt from the French and Indian war
be placed on nearly all everyday transactions
the stamp act
brought several colonial groups that opposed the stamp act
many of the group members were less educated
some protests did turn violent
the sons of Liberty
delegates from the 9 different colonies met in New York in October 1765
tried to convince Britain to repeal the stamp act
stamp act congress
stamp act repealed
parliament believed that they had a right to tax colonies any way they want
declatory act
closed the port of Boston
Boston port act
forced citizens of Massachusetts to house and feed British soldiers
quartering act
suspended the Massachusetts colonial legislature until the tea was paid for
Massachusetts governmental act
local courts could not try British officials giving them free reign
administration of justice act
took land from colonies and gave more land to the British in Canada
Quebec act
prohibited the colonies from issuing paper money
currency act
1651
all goods traded had to be shipped in either colonial or Spanish ships
crews had to be atleast 75% colonial or British
goods traded had to be unloaded at a British port
navigation acts
what happened with the French and Indian war debt witching Great Britain
the citizens decided to tax the colonists and creTe new acts in order to get that money back
worked as a lawyer and farmer before becoming a politician
John Adams
the commander of the continental army
George Washington
persuasive pamphlet against the king
common sense
