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final Flashcards

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1
Q

the main philosophy behind the renaissance
stimulated the philosophy of secularism, the appreciation of worldly pleasures,
it was the beliefs that humans were not inherently sinful and useless, and could understand and improve their world

A

humanism

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2
Q

father of the Italian Renaissance
sent Europeans on a search for lost and forgotten Latin manuscripts and called for the study of the classic Greek and roman works

A

Petrarch

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3
Q

not focusing so much on religion

A

secularism

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4
Q

rebirth
1350-1550
a rebirth of roman and Greek culture

A

Renaissance

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5
Q

had to be proficient in several different skills: intellectually, physically, and artistically
individual human achievement and excellence was highly valued

A

Renaissance man

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6
Q

produced the first printed book with his printing press - the bible

A

johannes Gutenberg

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7
Q

originated fresco

used perspective

A

Masaccio

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8
Q

sculptor who studied Greek and roman statues and constructed a statue of Saint George

A

Donatello

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9
Q

mastered the art of realistic painting
wanted to capture the perfection of the human body
was also a scientist, inventor, and anatomist
the last supper
Mona Lisa

A

leanardo da Vinci

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10
Q

one of Italy’s best painters at young age of 25
noted for paintings of the Virgin Mary
also painted the popes chambers which include his masterpiece the school of Athens

A

Raphael

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11
Q

Painter, sculptor, and architect
painted the ceiling of the Sistine chapel in Rome as well as the last judgement located on the entire wall of the chapel
statue of David
depicts the ideal and perfect human body

A

Michelangelo

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12
Q

Many people become weary of the church
people began to turn to science for answers
more land was available
could charge more for labor

A

Black Death

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13
Q

first political philosopher
Italian historian
feared
wrote prince in 1513

A

Machiavelli

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14
Q

release from all or part of the punishment for a sin

ticket into heaven

A

indulgences

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15
Q

written by Martin Luther
October 31, 1517
castle church in Wittenberg, Germany
protest against the Catholic Church

A

95 theses

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16
Q

monk and professor at university of Wittenberg
focused on certainty of salvation
feels that humans are powerless and could never do enough to reach true salvation
justification by faith alone

A

Martin Luther

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17
Q 
best known for Christian humanist 
father of Christian humanism 
philosophy of Christ 
Christianity should show people how to live good lives and not just provide beliefs on how they can be saved 
wanted to reform, not break away
A

desiderius Erasmus

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18
Q

only wanted to keep baptism and holy Eucharist

A

Luther

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19
Q

says that both faith and good works are needed for salvation

A

Catholic Church

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20
Q

priest in Zurich
relics and images of Catholic Church are now abolished
aligns with Martin Luther to defend against the Catholic Church
dies in war between Catholics and Protestants

A

Zwingli

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21
Q

new leader of Protestantism
believed in Luthers justification by faith alone
beloved in the all-power nature of God
strong focus on predestination

A

Calvin

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22
Q

wanted to divorce his first wife Mary because they on,t had a daughter and no son
wanted the pope to annual the marriage and remarry to anne Boleyn, but he refused
decided to turn to England’s own church courts

A

King Henry VIII

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23
Q

Spanish conquerer of the Aztecs

wanted to convert people to Catholicism

A

Cortes

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24
Q

why did Europeans begin to travel overseas

A

they were attracted to Asia

navigational technology improved

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25
what were the sailors looking for
God glory gold
26
went south along west coast of Africa | discovered gold
prince Henry
27
after Dias, he followed the same path but went further east to cross the Indian Ocean to end up in India: first to make it to India by sea finds spices and returns to Portugal with them makes a profit of a several thousand percent
da gama
28
sailed in 1492 was convinced that the earths circumference wasn't as large as others speculated believed he could find Asia by sailing west instead of east around Africa persuaded Queen Isabella of Spain to finance his expedition never even stepped foot on North America
Christopher Columbus
29
persuaded the king of Spain to finance his journey to Asia through the Western Hemisphere sailed south down the coast of South America trying to find a passage into the pacific from the Atlantic
Magellan
30
allowed for sailing against the wind | got the idea from the Arab society
lateen sails
31
faster and bigger ship designed by the Portuguese
carvel ship
32
invented by Chinese | allowed ships to steer and travel faster
sternpost rudder
33
knew the world was round, but had no idea of its circumference sail west
Spain
34
1494 line of demarcation unexplored territories to the east were to be controlled by Spain Portugal now had control over routes to Africa and Spain had control of almost all Americas
treaty of tordasilles
35
economic system that made a country get power from the amount of gold and silver it had
mercantilism
36
the tendency to look at the world primarily from the Perot ones own ethnic culture
ethnocentrism
37
use something in an unjust or cruel manner | Europeans did this to Africans by using them for slaves and as a way to trade
exploitation
38
why were westerners unable to travel by land from Europe to Asia in the fourteenth century shut down trade routes
conquest by the ottoman Turks
39
sail east
Portuguese
40
traveled to eastern North America | claimed Canada
France
41
swap of old and new world germs, animals, plants, people's, and cultures
Columbian exchange
42
on the civil war due to their leader, Oliver Cromwell
Roundheads
43
a system in which a ruler holds total power
absolutism
44
a political philosopher opposed to absolutism
John Locke
45
we are all free and no one was superior to anyone else
state of nature
46
political philosopher that supported absolutism | believed the unchecked power of the ruler was necessary to maintain order
Thomas Hobbes
47
member of parliament and the leader of Roundheads army was made up mostly of puritans and extremists known as independents believed he was fighting for God instituted a military dictatorship
Oliver Cromwell
48
once the English bill of rights is signed this is known as what because almost no blood was shed
glorious revolution
49
rulers Received their power from God and were responsible to no one except God
divine right of kings
50
absolute monarchist who believes in the divine right to rule takes over in 1689 westernization
Peter the great
51
allowed parliament to make laws and levy taxes King and Queen could not get rid of the parliament
constitutional monarchy
52
settlement on the James River
Jamestown
53
discovered heliocentric universe
Copernicus
54
created 3 laws of motion
Newton
55
most famous for demanding separation of person and state
Voltaire
56
claimed that all elements were made up of fire, water, air, earth, and a divine substance of the heavens
Aristotle
57
teacher of the mathematics first European to make regular observations of the heavens using a microscope discovered mountains on the moon
Galileo
58
wrote origins of the inequality of mankind and discourse wrote the social contract argued that people had adopted laws and government in order to preserve their private property
Roseau
59
pray entire society agrees to be governed by its general will
the social contract
60
French lawyer | political philosopher
Montesquieu
61
sun centered universe
heliocentric
62
the force that attracts a body toward the center of the earth
Gravity
63
a belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response
rationalism
64
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
natural rights
65
who influenced the constitution
John Locke
66
states that in a state of nature human life was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short
leviathan
67
``` Louis XIV tied to the idea of divine rights had Huguenots executed murdered all nobles wanted the most power possible ```
the sun King
68
sailed for the English and met the armada in the English Channel defeated the armada
sir Francis drake
69
supporter of King Charles I in the English civil war
cavalier
70
settlers cannot move west of the Appalachian mountains sought to stop the exploitative sale of Indian land to prevent future warfare between Indians
proclamation of 1763
71
born in 1722 leader of sons of Liberty signed the Declaration of Independence fights for bill of rights
Sam Adams
72
1764 passed by parliament increased tax duties colonists had to pay on goods such as coffee, sugar, textiles, indigo. and wine no taxation without representation
sugar act
73
March 22, 1765 passed by parliament the purpose was to pay for the high cost of managing and protecting the colonies, as well as the war debt from the French and Indian war be placed on nearly all everyday transactions
the stamp act
74
brought several colonial groups that opposed the stamp act many of the group members were less educated some protests did turn violent
the sons of Liberty
75
delegates from the 9 different colonies met in New York in October 1765 tried to convince Britain to repeal the stamp act
stamp act congress
76
stamp act repealed | parliament believed that they had a right to tax colonies any way they want
declatory act
77
closed the port of Boston
Boston port act
78
forced citizens of Massachusetts to house and feed British soldiers
quartering act
79
suspended the Massachusetts colonial legislature until the tea was paid for
Massachusetts governmental act
80
local courts could not try British officials giving them free reign
administration of justice act
81
took land from colonies and gave more land to the British in Canada
Quebec act
82
prohibited the colonies from issuing paper money
currency act
83
1651 all goods traded had to be shipped in either colonial or Spanish ships crews had to be atleast 75% colonial or British goods traded had to be unloaded at a British port
navigation acts
84
what happened with the French and Indian war debt witching Great Britain
the citizens decided to tax the colonists and creTe new acts in order to get that money back
85
worked as a lawyer and farmer before becoming a politician
John Adams
86
the commander of the continental army
George Washington
87
persuasive pamphlet against the king
common sense

social studies mr andrzejcak (9 decks)

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