enlighhtenment Flashcards
an eighteenth century philosophical movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with the achievements of the scientific revolution
the enlightenment
the role to change the world
philosophy
well known for his criticism of Christianity and strong belief in religious toleration
fought against religious intolerance in France
wrote treatise on toleration in 1763
reminded governments that “all men are brothers under God”
Voltaire
an eighteenth century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law
deism
championed deism
Voltaire
wrote the encyclopedia
“changed the general way of thinking”
attacked religious superstition and supported religious toleration
called for social, legal, and political reforms
spread enlightenment ideas
Denis Diderot
a French group that was interested in identifying the natural economic laws that governed human society
viewed as the founders of modern social science of economics
the physiocrats
Scottish philosopher
the wealth of nations
Adam smith
the state or government should not interfere in economic matters by imposing regulations on the economy
laissez faire
proposed a new approach to justice
wrote “on crimes and punishments”
argued that punishments should not be exercises in brutality
opposed capital punishment
“is not absurd, that the laws, which punish murder, should, in order to prevent murder, publicly, commit murder themselves?”
cesare beccaria
wrote “discourse on the origins of the inequality of mankind” which argued that people had adopted laws and government in order to preserve their private property
made “the social contract” which means an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will
Jean Jacques Rousseau
many Europeans in the 18th century were _______
90-95 percent of Catholic population went to mass on Easter Sunday
Christians
what was the most famous new religious movement that was the work of John Wesley
Methodism
Anglican minister
mystical experience in which “the gist of gods grace” assured him of America a missionary to the English people to bring them the glad tidings of salvation
his Methodism gave the lower and middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and community
John Wesley
applying the scientific method to their physical world, these thinkers, or philosophers, reexamined all aspects of life- from government and justice to religion and women’s rights
the enlightenment
second oldest of 7 children and grew up with a dad who drank heavily and abused her mother so much that mary would have to sleep in front of her mothers door to protect her from him
Mary Wollstonecraft
left home at age 19 to pursue a life dedicated to writing and then
helped her sister deal with depression
demonstrated her willingness to challenge social norms
Mary Wollstonecraft
became a translator and literacy advisor to Joseph Johnson, the publisher of radical texts
wrote and published the vindication of the rights of men in 1790
wrote and published the vindication of the rights of woman in 1792
Mary Wollstonecraft
attempted suicide twice but failed
died 10 days after giving birth to her daughter Mary
Mary Wollstonecraft
huge advocator of gender equality
held countless statements directed to anti feminists such as Edmund Burke
the founder of feminism
Mary Wollstonecraft
studied medicine at the university of Oxford
died to a decline of health in 1704
John Locke
became active in politics in the 70’s
became secretary of board of trade and plantations
published “a letter concerning toleration” and “two treatises of government”
John Locke
believed people are born with a blank slate that will later be filled with experience
stated that students needed to be treated better and the current curriculum in schools and colleges needed to be broadened
John Locke
ideas were put into the US constitution and the Declaration of Independence
influenced other enlightenment thinkers
influenced Thomas Jeffersons views
influenced school systems of today
John Locke
invented .... keplarian telescope log books rudolphine tables austronomia nova
Johannes Kepler
created three laws (philosophies)
the law of ellipses
the law of equal areas
the law of harmonies
johannes Kepler
the oath of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus.
explains that the planets orbit around the sun
the law of ellipses
an imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time
says that when the planets spin around the sun, when it is closer it moves faster
the law of equal areas
the ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planet is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distance from the sun
provides an accurate description of the period and distance for a planets orbits around the sun
the law of harmonies
German mathematician
said the earth was the center of the universe
his idea was correct except for where Mercury was
johannes Kepler
entered kings school in 1585
transferred to caius college in 1593 and earned his BA
began to study medicine at the university of Padua in Italy
William Harvey
earned his doctor of medicine from Padua
earned a second MD from Cambridge university
joined college of physicians
died of a stroke
William Harvey
studied the human body
discovered that the heart of the main source of blood movement not the liver
William Harvey
constructed a telescope
supported the Copernicus theory
accused twice of heresy by the church
studied medicine at the university of Pisa
published the operations of the geometrical and military compass
Galileo galilei
constructed a hydrostatic balance for measuring small objects
published “the starry messenger”
founded that Venus had phases like the moon proving it rotated around the sun
discovered that Jupiter had revealing moons which did not revolve around earth
Galileo galilei
published his discoveries on bodies in water
published his observations of sunspots
designed an escapement mechanism for a pendulum clock
did not believe in keplers theory
accomplished luten
Galileo
mathematician and astronomer during the Renaissance
believed the universe revolved around the sun (heliocentric)
important consequences for later thinkers of the scientific revolution
nicolaus Copernicus
wrote “little commentary” which was not printed until the year of his death
believed that if the sun is assumed to be at rest, the earth is believed to be in motion
nicolaus Copernicus
he was a philosopher, astronomer, physicist, scientist and mathematician
discovered several laws and theories of physics and motion known as newtons laws
sir Isaac Newton
first law states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force
mostly known for the universal law of gravity
sir Isaac Newton
wrote “quaestiones quaedam philosophicae” and “principia”
invented the reflecting telescope
elected as a member of parliament in 1689
second scientist to be knighted
sir Isaac Newton
wrote the most influential documents on physics
developed the principles of modern physics
laid the foundation for the creation of modern calculus
sir Isaac Newton
created the scientific method
not a scientist, but a philosopher
thought they should rely on nature and inductive reasoning for his information
wrote “the great instauration”math at stated the process of thinking
was the attorney general and lord chancellor of England
Francis bacon
took up Aristotelian ideas, arguing for empirica, inductive approach
attended trinity college when he was 12
enrolled in a law program at honorable society at grays inn
accepted into a member of Cornwall in the House of Commons in 1581
Francis bacon
held his place in parliament for almost 4 decades until he was kicked out because of his beliefs in science
died of pneumonia
Francis bacon
