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Anatomy II > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Stomach Mucosa

A

Simple columnar epithelium composed of mucous cells
Dotted with gastric pits  gastric glands
Gastric glands produce gastric juice

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2
Q

Gastric pits

A

cells at the base of the gastric pits divide and produce new epithelial cells

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3
Q

Glandular cells

A

Mucous cells – secrete mucus
Parietal cells - secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
Chief cells – secrete pepsinogen

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4
Q

Produce the most gastric juice

A

glands in fundus and body

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5
Q

HCL acid

A

makes the stomach acidic
Activates pepsin
Denatures proteins
Destroys microorganisms

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6
Q

Pepsin

A

– enzyme that splits proteins

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7
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

aids in the absorption of vitamin B12

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8
Q

Protection of the stomach

A

Mucous coat – produces a highly alkaline mucus
Epithelial cell replacement – every 3 to 6 days
Tight junctions between the epithelial cells – prevent gastric juice from seeping between the cells.

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9
Q

Gastric Phase Regulation

A

Mucous coat – produces a highly alkaline mucus
Epithelial cell replacement – every 3 to 6 days
Tight junctions between the epithelial cells – prevent gastric juice from seeping between the cells.

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10
Q

Neural and Hormonal Control of Gastric Secretion

A 
Neural Control
Vagus nerve stimulation  secretion 
Sympathetic stimulation  secretion 
Hormonal control largely gastrin
 Enzyme and HCl secretion 
Most small intestine secretions are gastrin antagonists
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11
Q

Bile Composition

A

Bile salts – aid in digestion
Emulsify fats
Aid in the absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamin D

Bile pigments – give it its green color; results from the breakdown of red blood cells

Cholesterol – used to produce bile salts

Electrolytes

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12
Q

Function of Pancreas

A 
Secrete enzymes that breakdown
carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
nucleic acids

Pancreatic juice also is high in bicarbonate ions – neutralize the contents coming from the stomach.

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13
Q

Regulation of pancreatic secretion

A

Parasympathetic impulses – increase secretion
Hormones
Secretin – released in response to the acid in chyme
Cholecystokinin – released in response to the presence of fats and proteins present in chyme

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14
Q

Small Intestine

A

Major organ of digestion and absorption
2-4 m long; from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve
Subdivisions
Duodenum (retroperitoneal)
Jejunum (attached posteriorly by mesentery)
Ileum (attached posteriorly by mesentery

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15
Q

Structural Modifications of Small Intestine

A

Increase surface area of proximal part for nutrient absorption
Circular folds
Villi
Microvilli

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16
Q

Microvilli

A

contain enzymes for carbohydrate and protein digestion

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17
Q

Chemotherapy targets rapidly dividing cells

A

Kills cancer cells

Kills rapidly dividing GI tract epithelium  nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

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18
Q

Intestinal Secretions

A

Mucus – protects against acidity

Intestinal juice – watery fluid that is used for nutrient absorption
Slightly alkaline; isotonic with blood plasma

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19
Q

Functions of large intestines

A

Little or no digestive functions
Absorbs water and electrolytes
Forms and stores feces
Secretes mucus – need for lubrication

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20
Q

Appendix

A

Bacterial storehouse  recolonizes gut when necessary

Twisted  enteric bacteria accumulate and multiply

21
Q

Proteins

A 
Uses in Body
Structural materials
Keratin (skin); collagen and elastin (connective tissue); muscle proteins
Functional molecules
Enzymes, some hormones

Fuel
Amino acids can be burned for energy

22
Q

Use of amino acids

A

All-or-none rule
All amino acids needed must be present for protein synthesis to occur; if not all present, amino acids used for energy
Adequacy of caloric intake
Protein is used as fuel if insufficient carbohydrate or fat available

23
Q

Nitrogen Balance
Positive Nitrogen Balance
Negative Nitrogen Balance

A

Nitrogen balance
Rate of protein synthesis equals rate of breakdown and loss
Positive nitrogen balance
synthesis exceeds breakdown (normal in children, pregnant women, tissue repair)
Negative nitrogen balance
breakdown exceeds synthesis (e.g., stress, burns, infection, injury, poor dietary proteins, starvation)

24
Q

Hormonal controls of AA’s

A

Anabolic hormones (GH, sex hormones) accelerate protein synthesis and growth

Adrenal glucocorticoids (released during stress)  protein breakdown; conversion of amino acids to glucose

25
Vitamins
``` Organic compounds Crucial in helping body use nutrients Most function as coenzymes Vitamins D (skin), some B and K synthesized by intestinal bacteria; beta-carotene (carrots) converted in body  vitamin A The rest must be ingested ```
26
Types of vitamins
``` Water-soluble vitamins B complex and C are absorbed with water B12 absorption requires intrinsic factor Not stored in the body Any not used within one hour – excreted ``` Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K absorbed with lipid digestion products Stored in body, except for vitamin K
27
Minerals
Inorganic molecules Seven required in moderate amounts Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium Others required in trace amounts Work with nutrients to ensure proper body functioning Uptake and excretion balanced to prevent toxic overload
28
harden bone
Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium salts
29
essential for oxygen binding to hemoglobin
iron
30
necessary for thyroid hormone synthesis
iodine
31
major electrolytes in blood
sodium and chloride
32
Metabolism
Metabolism - biochemical reactions inside cells involving nutrients Two types of reactions Anabolism - Amino acids  proteins Catabolism - Proteins  amino acids
33
Cellular Respiration
Catabolism of food fuels  capture of energy to form ATP in cells Goal  trap chemical energy in ATP Energy also stored in glycogen and fats Oxidation of food for fuel Step by step removal of pairs of hydrogen atoms (and electron pairs) from substrates  only CO2 left Includes glycolysis (in cytoplasm) and Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation (both in the mitochondria)
34
Complete glucose catabolism requires three pathways
Glycolysis - cytoplasm Krebs cycle – mitochondrial matrix Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation – inner mitochondrial membrane
35
Greater energy yield than glucose
lipid metabolism
36
Fatty acid Pathway
undergo beta oxidation in mitochondria | products enter Krebs Cycle
37
Lipogenesis
Triglyceride Synthesis When dietary glycerol and fatty acids not needed for energy Fat storage
38
Lipolysis
Triglyceride Breakdown Reverse of lipogenesis Stored fat broken down to glycerol and fatty acids for fuel Oxaloacetate needed for complete oxidation of fat Without oxaloacetate, acetyl CoA converted to ketone bodies (ketones) = Ketogenesis
39
Nutrient pools
AA, Carbohydrate, Fats pool
40
Absorptive State
Nutrients stored Glucose converted to glycogen or fat in liver Triglycerides formed for fat storage Excess amino acids stored as fat in liver
41
Postabsorptive State
``` Intestines are empty Goal - maintain blood glucose between meals Glycogenolysis in liver Glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle Lipolysis in adipose tissues and liver Glycerol used for gluconeogenesis in liver Catabolism of cellular protein Major source during prolonged fasting ```
42
Functions of Cholesterol
The molecule forms the basis of bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D structure Is a major component of plasma membranes
43
Lipoproteins
Transport water-insoluble cholesterol and triglycerides in blood Contain triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein Higher percentage of lipids  lower density, hence VLDLs, LDLs, HDLs
44
HDL LDL VDL
High protein content Transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver to be broken down and secreted into bile – GOOD! High HDL thought to protect against heart disease Cholesterol richTransport cholesterol to peripheral tissues for membranes, storage, or hormone synthesis – BAD! High LDL causes cholesterol deposits in vessels Triglycerides Transport triglycerides from liver to peripheral tissues (mostly adipose)
45
Saturated fatty acids
BAD! Stimulate liver synthesis of cholesterol Inhibit cholesterol excretion from body
46
Unsaturated
GOOD! Enhance excretion of cholesterol Enhance cholesterol catabolism to bile salts
47
Tidal Volume Inspiratory Reserve Vol Expiratpry Reserve Vol Residual vol
Tidal volume: volume breathed in and out at rest Inspiratory reserve volume: volume forcefully inhaled following at rest breathing Expiratory reserve volume: volume forcefully exhaled following at rest breathing Residual volume (RV): volume that cannot be exhaled Fills the Dead Space
48
Partial Pressure
Pressure exerted by each gas in mixture | Directly proportional to its percentage in mixture
49
Henry's Law
Gas mixtures in contact with liquid Each gas dissolves in proportion to its partial pressure At equilibrium, partial pressures in two phases will be equal (i.e. dissolved and undissolved) Amount of each gas that will dissolve depends on its solubility CO2 20 times more soluble in water than o2

Anatomy II (7 decks)

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