Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy II > Anatomy II Test One part 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy II Test One part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

A

carry blood away from heart; oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus

contact tissue cells; directly serve cellular needs

carry blood toward heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lumen

Three wall layers in arteries and veins

Capillaries

A

Central blood-containing space

Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa

Endothelium with sparse basal lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Vessels vary in

A

length, diameter, wall thickness, tissue makeup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lymphatic system

A

picks up extra interstitial fluid, drains into the subclavian veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Arterial System

A

Elastic Arteries
Muscular Arteries
Arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Elastic Arteries

A

Large thick-walled arteries with elastin in tunics
e.g. Aorta and its major branches
Large lumen offers low-resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Muscular Arteries

A

Deliver blood to body organs
Thick tunica media with more smooth muscle
Active in vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Arterioles

A

Smallest arteries
Lead to capillary beds
Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Capillaries

A

Walls of thin tunica intima
Diameter allows only single RBC to pass at a time
In all tissues except for cartilage, epithelia, cornea and lens of eye
Provide direct access to almost every cell
Functions
Exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc., between blood and interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Types of Capillaries

A

Continuous capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries
Sinusoid capillaries (sinusoids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Continuous Capillaries

A

Abundant in skin and muscles
Tight junctions connect endothelial cells
Intercellular clefts allow passage of fluids and small solutes
Continuous capillaries of brain unique
Tight junctions complete, no clefts, forms blood-brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A

Some endothelial cells contain pores/windows (fenestrations)

More permeable than continuous capillaries

Function in absorption or filtrate formation (small intestines and kidneys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sinusoid Capillaries

A

Very permeable
Few tight junctions; fenestrated; larger intercellular clefts; large lumens; incomplete basement membrane
Slow blood flow
Large molecules and blood cells can pass between blood and surrounding tissues
Found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Capillary Beds

A

Microcirculation
Vascular shunt
Precapillary sphincters
True capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Microcirculation

A

Interwoven networks of capillaries between arterioles and venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Vascular Shunt

A

thoroughfare channel)

Directly connects terminal arteriole and postcapillary venule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

PreCapillary Sphincters

A

regulate blood flow into true capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

True Capillaries

A

Branch off arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Venous System

A

Venules and Veins

20
Q

Venules

Veins

A

Formed when capillary beds unite
Consist of endothelium and a few pericytes

Formed when venules converge
Have thinner walls, larger lumens compared with corresponding arteries
Blood pressure lower than in arteries

21
Q

The following adaptations ensure blood returns to heart despite low blood pressure

A

Large-diameter lumens offer little resistance to blood flow
Venous valves prevent backflow of blood
Venous sinuses: flattened veins with extremely thin walls (e.g., coronary sinus of the heart and sinuses of the brain)

22
Q

Blood

A

Volume of blood flowing through vessel, organ, or entire circulation in given period
Measured as ml/min
Relatively constant when at rest
Varies widely through individual organs, based on needs

23
Q

Blood pressure (BP)

A

Force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood
Expressed in mm Hg
Measured as systemic arterial BP in large arteries near heart

Pressure gradient provides
driving force that keeps blood moving from higher to lower pressure areas

24
Q

Resistance

Important Sources of Resistance

A

Opposition to flow
Measure of the amount of friction blood encounters with vessel walls, generally in peripheral (systemic) circulation

Blood viscosity
Total blood vessel length
Blood vessel diameter

25
Q

Factors that remain relatively constant

A

Blood viscosity

Blood vessel length

26
Q

Blood vessel diameter

A

Greatest influence on resistance

Frequent changes alter peripheral resistance
Vasoconstriction increases resistance
Vasodilation decreases resistance
Fatty plaques from atherosclerosis increase increase resistance

27
Q

Systemic Blood Pressure

A

Pumping action of heart generates blood flow
Pressure results when flow is opposed by resistance
Systemic pressure
Highest in aorta
Declines throughout pathway
0mmHg in right atrium
Steepest drop occurs in arterioles

28
Q

Systolic pressure
Diastolic pressure
Pulse pressure
Mean arterial pressure (MAP

A

pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction

lowest level of aortic pressure

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

pressure that propels blood to tissues

29
Q

Factors Aiding Venous Return

A

Muscular pump
Respiratory pump
Venoconstriction

30
Q

Maintaining Blood Pressure Requires

A

Cooperation of heart, blood vessels, and kidneys

Supervision by brain

31
Q

Main factors influencing blood pressure

A 
Cardiac output (CO) (= SV x HR)
Peripheral resistance (PR)
Blood volume
32
Q

Short-term mechanisms

Long-term renal regulation

A

Neural and Hormonal controls
Counteract fluctuations in blood pressure by altering peripheral resistance and CO

Kidney-mediated controls
Counteracts fluctuations in blood pressure by altering blood volume

33
Q

Neural controls of peripheral resistance

A

Maintain MAP by altering blood vessel diameter
If low blood volume all vessels constricted except those to heart and brain
Alter blood distribution to organs in response to specific demands

34
Q

Neural controls operate via reflex arcs that involve

A

Baroreceptors
Cardiovascular center of medulla
Vasomotor fibers to

35
Q

Barorecptors
Cardiovascular center of medulla
Vasomotor fibers

A

Pressure sensors in Aorta and large arteries of neck and thorax

Sympathetic neurons that alter CO and blood vessel diameter

to heart and vascular smooth muscle
Carry sympathetic signals from medulla

36
Q

Baroreceptor Reflexes

A

 blood pressure stimulates baroreceptors
Baroreceptors send inhibitory signal to Cardiovascular Center
Arterioles and venules dilate
Cardioinhibitory center reduces HR and CO
Blood pressure drops

37
Q

: Chemoreceptor Reflexes

A

Chemoreceptors in aortic arch and large arteries of neck detect increase in CO2, or drop in pH or O2

Cause increased blood pressure by
Signaling cardioacceleratory center  increase CO
Signaling vasomotor center  increase vasoconstriction

38
Q

Short-term Mechanisms: Hormonal Controls

A

Short term regulation via changes in peripheral resistance

Long term regulation via changes in blood volume

39
Q

Hormones that increase blood pressure

Hormone that lowers blood pressure

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal gland  increased CO and vasoconstriction
Angiotensin II stimulates vasoconstriction
High ADH levels cause vasoconstriction

Atrial natriuretic peptide causes decreased blood volume and vasodilation

40
Q

Long-term Mechanisms: Renal Regulation

A

Long-term mechanisms control BP by altering blood volume via kidneys
Kidneys regulate arterial blood pressure
Increased BP or blood volume causes elimination of more urine, thus reducing BP
Decreased BP or blood volume causes kidneys to conserve water, and BP rises

41
Q

Monitoring Circulatory Efficiency

A

Vital signs:
pulse
blood pressure
respiratory rate
body temperature
Pulse: pressure wave caused by the expansion and recoil of arteries
Radial pulse (taken at the wrist) routinely used

42
Q

Systemic arterial BP

A

Measured indirectly using a sphygmomanometer
Pressure is increased in the cuff until it exceeds systolic pressure in the brachial artery
Pressure is released slowly and the examiner listens for Korotkoff sounds with a stethoscope
1st sound: systolic pressure at ~120 mmHg
Sounds fade: diastolic pressure at ~80 mmHg

43
Q

Hypotension
Orthostatic hypotension
Chronic hypotension
Acute hypotension

A

low blood pressure
Systolic pressure below 100 mm

temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting or reclining position

hint of poor nutrition and warning sign for Addison’s disease or hypothyroidism

due to circulatory shock

44
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance: Hypertension

A

Hypertension: high blood pressure 140/90
major cause of heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure, and stroke

Primary hypertension – most common type
90% of hypertensive conditions
Risk factors: heredity, diet, obesity, age, stress, diabetes mellitus, and smoking

Secondary hypertension - less common
Due to kidney disease, arteriosclerosis, and endocrine disorders

45
Q

Circulatory Shock

A

Any condition in which
Blood vessels are inadequately filled
Blood cannot circulate normally
Results in inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs
Hypovolemic shock: due to large-scale blood loss
Vascular shock: due to extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance
Cardiogenic shock: due to inefficient heart unable to sustain adequate circulation

Anatomy II (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions